Chapter 2 Flashcards
String
Data that consists of nonumeric characters.
Numeric
Data that consists of numbers.
Floating Point (Real Numbers)
Number with decimal places
Numeric Constant (Literal Numeric constant)
A specific numeric value.
String Constant (Literal String Constant)
Specific group of characters enclosed within quotation marks.
Alphanumeric Values
values that contain alphabetic characters, numbers, and punctuation.
Unnamed Constant
A literal numeric or string constant.
Declaration
Statement that provides a data type and an identifier for a variable.
Identifier
The program component’s name.
Data Type
A classification that describes what values can be assigned, how the item is stored, and what types of operations can be performed with the item.
Initializing a Variable
The act of assigning its first value, often at the same time the variable is created.
Garbage
The unknown value stored in an unassigned variable.
Keywords
The limited word set that is reserved in a language.
Camel Casing
A variable-naming convention in which the initial letter in lowercase, multiple-word variable names are run together, and each new word within the variable begins with an uppercase letter.
Pascal Casing
A variable-naming convention in which the initial letter is uppercase, multiple-word variable names run together, and each new word within the variable begins with an uppercase letter.
Hungarian Notation
A variable-naming convention in which a variable’s data type or other information is stored as part of its name.
Assignment Statement
Assigns a value from the right of an assignment operator to the variable or constant on the left of the assignment operator.
Assignment Operator
The equal sign; it is used to assign a value to the variable or constant to the left.
Binary Operator
An operator that requires two operands-one on each side.
Right-Associativity (Right-to-Left Associativity)
Describes operators that evaluate the expression to the right first.
lvalue (left value)
The memory address identifier to the left of an assignment operator.
Numeric Variable
A variable that can hold digits, have mathematical operations performed on it, and usually can hold a decimal point and a sign indicating positive or negative.
String Variable
A variable that can hold text that includes letters, digits, and special characters such as punctuation marks.
Type-Safety
The feature of programming languages that prevents assigning values of an incorrect data type.
Named Constant
Similar to a variable, except that its value cannot change after that first assignment.
Magic Number
An unnamed constant whose purpose is not immediately apparent.
Overhead
The Extra resources a task requires.
Rules of Precedence (Order of Operations)
Dictates the order in which operations in the same statement are carried out.
What are the Rules of precedence?Parenthesis, Exponents, Multiplication,
Division, Addition, then Subtraction respectively.
What are the Rules of precedence?
Left-to-Right Associativity
Operators that evaluate the expression to the left first.
Modules
Small program units that you can use together to make a program.
Subroutines, Procedures, Functions, and Methods.
What are the other names for Modules?
To call a Module
The use of module’s name to invoke it, causing it to execute.
Modularization
The process of breaking down a program into modules.
Functional Decomposition
The act of reducing a large into more manageable modules.
Abstraction
The process of paying attention to important properties while ignoring nonessential details.
Reusability
The feature of modular programs that allows individual modules to be used in a variety of applications.
Reliability
Is the feature of modular programs that assures you a module has been tested and proven to function correctly.
Main Program
Runs from start to stop and calls other modules.
Mainline Logic
The logic that appears in a program’s main module, it calls other modules.
Module Header
Includes the module identifier and possibly other necessary identifying information.
Module Body
All the statements on the Module.
Module Return Statement
This marks the end of the module and identifies the point at which control returns to the program or module that called the module.
Encapsulation
The act of containing a task’s instructions in a module.
Stack
A memory location in which the computer keeps track of the correct memory address to which it should return after executing a module.
Functional Cohesion
Measure of degree to which all the module statements contribute to the same task.
Visible
Describes the state of data items when a module can recognize them.
In Scope
Describes the state of data that is visible.
Local
Describes variables that are declared within the module that uses them.
Global
Describes variables that are known to the entire program.
Portable
Module is one that can more easily be reused in multiple programs.
Housekeeping Tasks
The steps you must perform at the beginning of a program to get ready for the rest of the program.
Detail Loop Task
The steps that are repeated for each set of input data.
End-Of-Job Task
The steps you take at the end of the program to finish the application.
Hierarchy Chart
A diagram that illustrates modules’ relationships to each other.
Program Comments
Written explanations that are not part of the program logic but that serve as documentation for those reading program.
Internal Documentation
Documentation within a coded program.
External Documentation
Documentation outside a coded program
Annotation Symbol
Contains information that expands on what appears in another flowchart symbol; it is most often represented by a three-sided box that is connected to the step it references by a dashed line.
Self-Documenting
Programs that contain meaningful data and module names that describe the programs’ purpose.
Data Dictionary
A list of every variable name used in a program, along with its type, size, and description.
Temporary Variable (Work Variable)
A work variable that you use to hold intermediate results during a program’s execution.
Prompt
A message that is displayed on a monitor to ask the user for a response and perhaps explain how that response should be formatted.
Echoing Input
The act of repeating input back to a user either in a subsequent prompt or in output.
