Chapter 2 Flashcards
Suspended sentence
suspension or postponement of a sentence after a verdict
Laid on file
defer sentence or no sentence based off of good behavior
John Augustus
father of probation - shoe maker
Washington Total Abstinence Society
members pledged to abstain from alcohol and treat alcoholics with kindness
1984 Comprehensive Crime Control Act
abolished federal parole and all prison releases under probation supervision
Federal parole dead?
No:
- there are offenders who’ve committed crimes before the reform act
- there are federal parolees who violated laws in DC
- some military offenders are on parole
1700s - early 1800s
children were disciplined by their parents and other adults in the community
1817 - mid 1840s, 1890
- “child savers” institutionalized runaway or neglected children
- “placing out” put some children in foster homes
Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899
first juvenile system based on reform and treatment
Early probation
- some states allowed cops/sheriffs to be probation officers, in charge of holding until magistrate heard case
- some didn’t like this and would turn the inmate to a close relative or relative
- money of their own well- being was offered by authorized party to assure appearance before magistrate
- other probation officers were volunteers due to new laws not funding salaried positions
Probation today
- courts first used probation as a way to suspend a prison sentence, today, it’s used as a sentence or pretrial supervision
- deferred adjudication/diversion - before defendant is guilty, they may be offered a diversion to avoid a criminal record
Casework model 1900-1970
casework stressed probation officer’s therapeutic relationship with clients through counseling and assistance in behavior modification
Brokerage of service model 1971-1981
PO refers to the client for services
Justice model 1982-2000
advocates an escalated system of sanctions corresponding to social harm resulting from offense and offender’s culpability
Neighborhood based supervision model 2001-present
probation officers are in the community more than the office and engage the community as partners in offender supervision
NBSM 2001-present
- emphasis on public safety
- partnerships with the police, faith-based initiatives
- supervision in field beats
- enforcement of probation conditions
- satellite tracking and geographic information systems
- allocation of resources using offender assessments
- measuring program effectiveness
Criminogenic
what tends to produce/causes crime in individuals
CNBSM 2012-present
therapeutic change agent and enforcer
On probation
- 3/4 probationers are men
- women on probation increased from 12% (1995), to 25% (2013)
- probationers: 54% white, 30% black, 14% Hispanic, 2% Native American or Asian/Pacific Islander
