Chapter 2 Flashcards
Population
What is Agricultural Density?
Number of Farmers / arable land
Define Arable Land
Land suitable for farming/agriculture
What does Physiological Density measure?
Population of a region / arable (farmable) land
How is Arithmetic Population Density calculated?
Population of a region divided by total land area
What disease is characterized by severe loss of cellular immunity?
AIDS
What is a Baby Boom?
Temporary marked increase in the birth rate
What is a Cartogram?
A map in which some mapping variable is substituted for land area
Define Census
A complete count of a population
What does the Child Mortality Rate indicate?
Total number of child deaths per 1,000 live births
What are Chronic Diseases?
A long-lasting disease that can’t generally be prevented
What is the Crude Birth Rate?
Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in the society
Define Crude Death Rate
Total number of deaths per 1,000 people in a society
What is the Dependency Ratio?
Number of people too young or too old to work compared to workers
Define a Developed Country
A country that has progressed further along in development
What is a Developing Country?
A country making some progress toward development
What is Doubling Time?
Number of years needed to double the population
What does Ecumene refer to?
The areas of earth occupied by human settlement
What is Epidemiology?
Branch of medical science concerning diseases
What was the Industrial Revolution?
Time during the 19th century with major improvements in manufacturing
What are Infant Mortality Rates?
Annual number of deaths of infants (one and under) compared to live births
What are Less Developed Countries (LDC)?
Non-industrialized/poor countries, Stage two, early three
Define Life Expectancy
Average number of years an infant can expect to live
Who is Thomas Malthus?
An English economist who argued that population increase outpaces food production
What is Malthusian Theory?
The theory that population grows faster than food supply
What was the Medical Revolution?
Time during the late 20th century when medical technology diffused to developing countries
What are More Developed Countries?
Industrialized countries, Stage 4/5
What is the Natural Increase Rate?
Percent a population grows in a year
Who are Neo-Malthusians?
People who believe in Malthusian Theory and that population outstrips resources
What is Physical Population Density?
The number of people supported by a unit of arable land
Define Population Density
Measurement of population per area or unit
What is Population Distribution?
Pattern of where people live and how they are spread out
What does Population Explosion refer to?
A sudden large increase in the population size
What are Population Pyramids?
Country’s distinctive population shown on a bar graph with males on the left
What are Anti-Natalist Policies?
Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase
What are Pro-Natalist Policies?
Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase
Define Sex Ratio
Number of males per 100 females
What is the Stationary Population Level?
Level at which national population ceases to grow
What is Total Fertility Rate?
Average number of children a woman will have during her ‘birthing’ years
What is Zero Population Growth?
When the CBR and the CDR are equal and the NIR approaches zero
Define Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics
What does Over-Population mean?
When the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment
What is Population Concentration?
An area where people are most dense, including East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe
What is the Demographic Transition Model?
A model that demonstrates the shift in population growth throughout time
Describe Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Low Growth: Pre-industrial society with High CBR, High CDR, and Zero NIR
Describe Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
High Growth: Industrializing society with stable CBR, declining CDR, and rapid NIR increase
Describe Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Decreasing growth: Industrializing society with declining CBR, continuing decline in CDR, and moderating NIR
Describe Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Low Growth: Modern industrialized country with low CBR, low CDR, and virtually no NIR
Describe Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Modern industrialized country with very low CBR, increasing CDR, and negative NIR
What has contributed to Declining Birth Rates?
Education, Health care, and Contraceptives
What are Malthus’s Critics concerned about?
Malthusian beliefs are considered unrealistically pessimistic and based on fixed resources
Who are Implosionists?
Population theorists who believe declining fertility rates indicate a corner turned on population growth
Who are Explosionists?
Population theorists who believe rapid population growth will continue for decades
What does the Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM) highlight?
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
What is Stage 1 of the Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM)?
Pestilence and Famine (high CDR), infectious and parasitic diseases are principal causes of death
What is Stage 2 of the Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM)?
Receding Pandemics (rapidly declining CDR), results from overcrowding
What is Stage 3 of the Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM)?
Degenerative/Chronic Diseases (moderately declining CDR), increase in chronic disorders
What is Stage 4 of the Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM)?
Delayed Degenerative Diseases (low but increasing CDR), life expectancy extended through medical advances
What is Stage 5 of the Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM)?
Reemergence of infectious diseases thought to be eradicated or controlled
List the three reasons for stage 5 of the ETM
- Evolution: infectious diseases evolve resistance to drugs
- Poverty: prevalence of diseases in poor areas
- Increased Connections: greater spreading of disease through contact
What is epidemiology concerned with?
The incidence, distribution, and control of diseases
What is a Vector?
Transmitted by an intermediary or vector that has contact with both host and victim
What is Non-Vector transmission?
Transmitted by direct contact between host and victim
Define Endemic
A disease that prevails over a small area
What is an Epidemic?
A disease that spreads over a large region
What is a Pandemic?
A disease that prevails globally and affects a very high proportion of the population
What are the two indicators of health?
- Infant mortality rate (IMR)
- Life expectancy
