chapter 2 Flashcards
When and where did testing programs first emerge?
China as early as 2200 B.C.E.
What was the primary purpose of early testing in ancient China?
Selecting candidates for government jobs.
During which dynasty did tests emphasize knowledge of classical literature?
Song dynasty (960 to 1279 C.E.)
What privileges were granted to those who passed the imperial examinations in ancient China?
Government job, Special garb, Special courtesies, Exemption from taxes, Exemption from torture interrogation.
Who was the first to anticipate psychology as a science and psychological measurement as a specialty?
Christian von Wolff
What significant book did Charles Darwin publish in 1859?
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
What concept did Darwin’s writing on individual differences inspire?
Research on heredity.
Who is credited with devising many contemporary tools of psychological assessment?
Francis Galton.
Galton aspired to classify people according to their _______.
Natural gifts
What statistical concept did Galton pioneer that is central to psychological experimentation?
Coefficient of correlation
Who founded the first experimental psychology laboratory?
Wilhelm Max Wundt.
What did Wundt focus on in his research?
How people were similar
What term did James McKeen Cattell coin in 1890?
Mental test
Which psychologist introduced the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?
David Wechsler.
What was the primary purpose of the group intelligence tests developed for military recruits?
Screening intellectual ability.
Who developed the Personal Data Sheet during World War I?
Robert S. Woodworth.
What was the Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory used for?
Measuring adjustment and emotional stability.
By the late 1930s, how many different psychological tests were in print?
Approximately 4,000.
What was one of the main focuses of Cattell’s research?
Individual differences in reaction time.
What is the name of the personality test developed by Woodworth for civilian use?
Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory
What are two advantages of self-report personality tests?
Respondents are arguably the best-qualified people to provide answers about themselves. They can offer personal insights that may not be captured by other methods.
What are some disadvantages of self-report personality tests?
Respondents may have poor insight into themselves. People might honestly believe things about themselves that are not true. Some respondents may be unwilling to reveal personal information.
Which famous projective test was developed by Hermann Rorschach?
Rorschach inkblots
Who popularized the use of pictures as projective stimuli in personality assessments?
Henry Murray and Christiana D. Morgan
What are the two distinct threads in the development of psychological measurement?
Academic tradition, Applied tradition
What refers to a process whereby assessees themselves supply assessment-related information?
self-report
One in which an individual is assumed to “project” onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation.
Projective test
As early as 1895, what did Alfred Binet and Victor Henri argue for?
The measurement of intelligence
What are the two distinct threads in the development of psychological measurement?
The academic and applied traditions
What may be defined as ‘the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population’?
Culture
Who founded a ‘Feebleminded Club’ for the exchange of ideas regarding special education?
Henry Herbert Goddard
The science of improving the qualities of a breed (in this case, humans) through intervention with factors related to heredity
Eugenic
What is a key variable in the assessment process?
Verbal communication
Humans communicate not only through verbal means but also through?
Nonverbal communication and behavior
What is characterized by value being placed on traits such as self-reliance and independence?
Individualist culture
What is characterized by value placed on traits such as conformity and cooperation?
Collectivist culture
What refers to efforts to combat discrimination and promote equal opportunity?
Affirmative action
What are rules that individuals must obey for the good of society?
Laws
What is a body of principles of right conduct?
Ethics
What defines the standard of care expected of members of a profession?
Code of professional ethics
What is a selection procedure whereby a fixed number of applicants from certain backgrounds are selected?
Quota system
What is the practice of making distinctions in hiring that favor members of a majority group?
Discrimination
What is the practice of making distinctions that favor members of a minority group?
Reverse discrimination
What refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring practice that was intentionally discriminatory?
Disparate treatment
What refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring practice that unintentionally resulted in discrimination?
Disparate impact
What governs citizens’ behavior and stems from interpretations of law?
Litigation
What is information protected by law from disclosure in a legal proceeding?
Privileged
What is a concept extended to parties who communicate in certain relationships?
Privileged information
What concerns matters of communication outside the courtroom?
Confidentiality
What is the level at which a reasonable professional would provide services?
Standard of care
What are formal testing programs designed for various aspects of students’ education?
Minimum competency testing program
What is a theory of personality and psychological treatment developed by Sigmund Freud?
Psychoanalysis
Who developed the most popular among all projective tests?
Hermann Rorschach
Who is cited as the ‘little-known founder of clinical psychology’?
Lightner Witmer
Who is credited for building the mathematical framework for factor analysis?
Charles Spearman
Who coined the term ‘mental test’?
James McKeen Cattell
Who was Darwin’s half cousin and an influential contributor to measurement?
Francis Galton
What were state-sponsored examinations for official positions in dynasties called?
Imperial examination
