Chapter 4 Flashcards
has been defined as “any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one
individual varies from another”
trait
also distinguish one person from
another but are relatively less enduring
States
an informed, scientific concept
developed or constructed to describe or explain behavior. We can’t see, hear, or touch constructs,
but we can infer their existence from overt behavior.
construct
refers to
an observable action or the product of an observable action, including test- or assessment-related
responses
overt behavior
This phrase is a reminder that a trait is not expected to be manifested in behavior 100% of the time.
Relatively enduring
The test score is presumed to represent the strength
of the targeted ability or trait or state and is frequently based on
cumulative scoring.
to aid in
the understanding of behavior that has already taken place.
postdict
traditionally refers to something
that is more than expected; it is actually a component of the measurement process. refers to a long-standing assumption that factors other than what a test
attempts to measure will influence performance on the test.
error
, the component of a test score attributable
to sources other than the trait or ability measured
error variance
(Test-Taker):
The Assesse
Certain unpredictable events can affect test results.
Environmental Factors
Test-Administrator
The Assessor
The Test Itself
The Measuring Instrument
also called True Score Theory
classical test theory (CTT)
a method of evaluation and a
way of deriving meaning from test scores by evaluating an individual testtaker’s score and
comparing it to scores of a group of testtakers.
norm-referenced testing and assessment
are the test
performance data of a particular group of testtakers
Norms
group of people
whose performance on a particular test is analyzed for reference in evaluating the performance
of individual test-takers.
normative sample
refer to the process of
deriving norms.
norming
is the controversial practice of norming on the basis of race or
ethnic background
race norming
some test manuals provide what
are variously known as ______ which “consist of descriptive statistics
based on a group of testtakers in a given period of time rather than norms obtained by formal
sampling methods”
user norms or program norms
The process of administering a test to a representative sample of test takers for the purpose of establishing norms is referred to as
standardization
In the process of developing a test, a test developer has targeted some defined group as the population for which the test is designed
Sampling
a portion of the universe of people deemed to be representative of the whole population.
sample
The process of selecting the portion of the universe deemed to be
representative of the whole population is referred to as
sampling.
researchers divide subjects into subgroups called strata based on characteristics that they share
stratified sampling
If such
sampling were random (or, if every member of the population had the same chance of being
included in the sample), then the procedure would be termed ______
stratified-random sampling.
If we arbitrarily select some sample because we believe it to be representative of the population,
then we have selected what is referred to as a__________
purposive sample
is
one that is convenient or available for use.
convenience sample
is an expression of the
percentage of people whose score on a test or measure falls below a particular raw score.
percentile
indicate the average performance
of different samples of testtakers who were at various ages at the time the test was administered.
Age norms
refers to the distribution of raw scores—more specifically, to the number of items that
were answered correctly multiplied by 100 and divided by the total number of items.
Percentage
correct
Designed to indicate the average test performance of testtakers in a given school
grade
Grade norms
, a term applied broadly to norms developed on the basis
of any trait, ability, skill, or other characteristic that is presumed to develop, deteriorate, or
otherwise be affected by chronological age, school grade, or stage of life.
developmental norms
are derived from a normative sample
that was nationally representative of the population at the time the norming study was conducted.
In the fields of psychology and education, for example, national norms may be obtained by
testing large numbers of people
national norms
Norm that could provide the
tool for such a comparison.
national anchor norms
provide normative
information with respect to the local population’s performance on some test.
local norms
A normative sample can be segmented by any of the criteria initially used
in selecting subjects for the sample.
Subgroup norms
Another type of aid in
providing a context for interpretation is termed a _____
fixed reference group scoring system
We may define a _________ as a standard on
which a judgment or decision may be based.
criterion
