chapter 2 Flashcards
what is the kinetic particle theory
all matter is made up of particles that are in constant random motion
what are particles
atoms/molecules
difference between atoms and molecules
atoms: 1
molecules: more than 1
states of matter
- solid
- liquid
- gas
arrangement and movement of solid
- very closely packed in an orderly manner
- vibrate and rotate about fixed positions
KE of particles in solid
very low
(lowest)
attractive forces between particles in solid
very strong
(strong)
features of solid
- definite shape
- definite volume
- not able to compress
features of liquid
- definite volume
- indefinite shape
- not able to compress
particle arrangement and movement in liquid
- closely packed in a disorderly manner
- slide past one another freely throughout the liquid
KE of particles in liquid
low
(lower than gas but higher than solid)
attractive forces between particles in liquid
strong
(stronger than gas, less strong than solid)
features of gas
- indefinite shape
- indefinite volume
- able to compress
particle arrangement and movement in gas
- very far apart in a disorderly manner
- move quickly and randomly in any direction
KE of particles in gas
high
(highest)
attractive forces between particles in gas
very weak
(weakest)
types of curves
- heating
- cooling
stages of heating curve
- solid
- solid + liquid
- liquid
- liquid + gas
- gas
process from solid - liquid
melting
process from liquid - gas
boiling
stages of cooling curve
- gas
- gas + liquid
- liquid
- liquid + solid
- solid
process from gas - liquid
condensation
process from liquid - solid
freezing
process from solid to gas
sublimation
process from gas to solid
vapour deposition
what happens when heat is supplied
(1)
- gain heat/thermal energy
- particles gain KE
- movement increases
- distance between particles increases (expansion in substance)
(leads to temperature increases)
what happens when heat is supplies
(2)
heat supplied is used to overcome forces of attraction between particles
(leads to change in state)
what happens when heat is removed
(1)
- heat energy is lost
- particles lose KE
- movement decreases
- distance between particles decreases (contracts)
(leads to temperature decrease)
what happens when heat is removed
(2)
results in the particles moving closer together, forces of attraction become stronger
(leads to change in state)
difference between boiling and evaporation
(boiling)
- only occurs at boiling point
- occurs throughout the substance
difference between boiling and evaporation
(evaporation)
- can occur at any temperature
- only occurs at the surface of substance
what is diffusion
net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration along a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached
factors affecting rate of diffusion
- temperature
- particle mass
the higher the temperature
the faster the rate of diffusion
why is the rate of diffusion faster when there is a higher temperature
more thermal energy is converted to kinetic energy of the particles
the greater the mass
the slower the rate of diffusion
why is the rate of diffusion slower when there is a greater particle mass
particles with higher mass require more kinetic energy to move
