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Bio 110 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

Water, carbon, atoms, isotopes and ions

1
Q

Define: acid

A

a molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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2
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between water molecules and other molecules

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3
Q

aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms

c-c-c-c-c-c-c chain with hydrogen attached (variable c number)

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4
Q

anion

A

negative ion formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons

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5
Q

aromatic hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms

ring structure of c’s with h attached

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6
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element

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7
Q

atomic mass

A

calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes

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8
Q

balanced chemical equation

A

statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of an atom equalized for both the products and reactants

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9
Q

base

A

molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the hydrogen ions’ concentration in a solution

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10
Q

buffer

A

substance that resists change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions

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11
Q

calorie

A

amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius

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12
Q

capillary action

A

occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surface of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the tubes’ sides

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13
Q

cation

A

positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons

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14
Q

chemical bond

A

interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in forming molecules

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15
Q

chemical reaction

A

process leading to rearranging atoms in molecules

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16
Q

chemical reactivity

A

ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other

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17
Q

cohesion

A

intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension

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18
Q

compound

A

substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements

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19
Q

covalent bond

A

type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms

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20
Q

dissociation

A

release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+ and OH-

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21
Q

electrolyte

A

ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance

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22
Q

electron

A

negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of –1 unit

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23
Q

electron configuration

A

arrangement of electrons in an atom’s electron shell (for example, 1s22s22p6)

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24
Q

electron orbital

A

how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where we are most likely to find an electron

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25
electron transfer
movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creating ionic bonds
26
electronegativity
ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms
27
element
one of 118 unique substances that cannot break down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons
28
enantiomers
molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other
29
equilibrium
steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system
30
evaporation
change from liquid to gaseous state at a body of water's surface, plant leaves, or an organism's skin
31
functional group
group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton
32
geometric isomer
isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond
33
heat of vaporization of water
high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor
34
hydrocarbon
molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen
35
hydrogen bond
weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules
36
hydrophilic
describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water
37
hydrophobic
describes uncharged nonpolar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water
38
inert gas (aka noble gas)
element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms
39
ion
atom or chemical group that does not contain equal number of protons and electrons
40
ionic bond
chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions)
41
irreversible chemical reaction
chemical reaction where reactants proceed unidirectionally to form products
42
isomers
molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula
43
isotope
one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons
44
law of mass action
chemical law stating that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances
45
litmus paper
(also, pH paper) filter paper treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes in order to use it as a pH indicator
46
mass number
total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
47
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
48
molecule
two or more atoms chemically bonded together
49
neutron
uncharged particle that resides in an atom's nucleus; has mass of one amu
50
nonpolar covalent bond
type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them
51
nucleus
core of an atom; contains protons and neutrons
52
octet rule
rule that atoms are most stable when they hold eight electrons in their outermost shells
53
orbital
region surrounding the nucleus; contains electron(s)
54
organic molecule
any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide)
55
periodic table
organizational chart of elements indicating each element's atomic number and atomic mass; provides key information about the elements' properties
56
pH scale
scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution
57
polar covalent bond
Chemical bond where electrons are unequally shared
58
product
molecule that is a result of a chemical reaction
59
proton
positively charged particle that resides in the atom's nucleus; has a mass of one amu and a charge of +1
60
radioisotope
isotope that emits radiation comprised of subatomic particles to form more stable elements
61
reactant
molecule that takes part in a chemical reaction
62
reversible chemical reaction
chemical reaction that functions bidirectionally, where products may turn into reactants if their concentration is great enough
63
specific heat capacity
the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius
63
solvent
substance capable of dissolving another substance
64
sphere of hydration
when a polar water molecule surrounds charged or polar molecules thus keeping them dissolved and in solution
65
structural isomers
molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds https://youtu.be/8JzKd04xznI
66
substituted hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon chain or ring containing an atom of another element in place of one of the backbone carbons
67
surface tension
tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the liquid's molecules
68
valence shell
outermost shell of an atom
69
van der Waals interaction
very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charges attracting atoms that are very close together
70
Atomic number =
Number of protons
71
cis vs trans isomers
cis- have the large (non-Hydrogen) groups on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond trans- have the non-hydrogen groups on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond

Bio 110 (5 decks)

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