Chapter 1

Question 1

Define: biology

Answer 1

the study of life

Question 2

Define: science

Answer 2

knowledge that covers general truth or the operation of general laws: fields of study that attempt to comprehend the nature of the universe

Question 3

Define: hypothesis

Answer 3

testable/verifiable suggested explanation for an event or phenomena

Question 4

Define: theory

Answer 4

a tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

Question 5

Define: natural sciences

Answer 5

fields of science related to the physical world and its phenomena

Question 6

Define: life sciences

Answer 6

sciences which study living things

Question 7

Define: physical sciences

Answer 7

sciences which study nonliving matter

Question 8

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 8

a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

Ex: a neuroscientist realizes that a specific part of the brain becomes more active when the person is looking at food and uses inductive reasoning to surmise that that part of the brain is likely the part that controls the response to food

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Question 9

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 9

a form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to predict specific results

Ex: using knowledge of the laws of gravity and what happens to apples that come into contact with great force, I may deduce that an apple dropped from a great height will fall and explode on impact with the ground

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Question 10

Descriptive science

Answer 10

aka “discovery science”

usually inductive

aims to observe, explore and discover

Question 11

Hypothesis-based science

Answer 11

usually deductive

begins with a specific question or problem and a potential solution or answer that one can test

Question 12

The Scientific Method

Answer 12

[first recorded by Sir Francis Bacon]

-observation
- question
-hypothesis that answers the question
-prediction based on the hypothesis
-experiment
- Analyze the results
-Reports results
- repeat if hypothesis disproven

Our queen hermione peels every apple really rapidly.

Question 13

Define: falsifiable

Answer 13

able to be disproven or proven wrong

Question 14

define: variable

Answer 14

any part of the experiment that can vary or change during the experiment

Question 15

define: control group

Answer 15

contains every feature of the experimental group except for the manipulation relating to the hypothesis

Question 16

Basic science vs applied science

Answer 16

Basic science: “pure” science, gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake

Applied science: aims to use science to solve real-world problems

Question 17

define: serendipity

Answer 17

a fortunate accident or lucky surprise

Question 18

define: peer-reviewed manuscripts

Answer 18

scientific papers that have been reviewed by a scientists peers or colleagues

Question 19

IMRaD format (scientific papers)

Answer 19

Introductions, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion

Question 20

Define: bioethics

Answer 20

a field devoted to ensuring that scientists are working within guidelines that protect humans, animals, and the environment from harm

Question 21

8 Properties of Life

Answer 21

Order
Responds to stimuli
Reproduction
Adaptation
Growth/development
Regulation/homeostasis
Process energy
Evolution

Orville redenbockers rheumatoid arthritis gets really painful, eh?

Question 22

Define: homeostasis

Answer 22

“steady state”

the relatively stable internal environment required to maintain life

Question 23

Levels of Organization of Living Things

Answer 23

atom > molecule > macromolecule > organelle > cell > tissue > organs > organ system > organism > population > community > ecosystem > biosphere

Question 24

Prokaryote v. Eukaryote

Answer 24

Prokaryote: single-celled or colonial organisms with NO membrane-bound nuclei

Eukaryote: single or multi-celled organisms with membrane-bound organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus

Question 25

define: atom

Answer 25

smallest unit of matter that retains the property of an element consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons

Question 26

define: molecule

Answer 26

a chemical structure of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds

Question 27

define: macromolecules

Answer 27

large molecules formed by polymerization

Question 28

define: organelles

Answer 28

aggregates of macromolecules forming small structures within a cell

Question 29

define: cell

Answer 29

smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms, classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Question 30

define: tissues

Answer 30

groups of similar cells carrying out similar or related functions

Question 31

define: organs

Answer 31

collections of grouped tissues performing a common function

Question 32

define: organ system

Answer 32

a grouping of functionally related organs

Question 33

define: organism

Answer 33

individual living entity

Question 34

define: population

Answer 34

all the individuals of a species living within a specific area (ex: dandelions in Frick Park)

Question 35

define: community

Answer 35

sum of populations inhabiting a specific area (ex: all living things in Frick Park)

Question 36

define: ecosystem

Answer 36

all living and nonliving things in a particular area (ex: all plants, animals, rocks, dead matter and components of the soil in Frick Park)

Question 37

define: biosphere

Answer 37

collection of all ecosystems, representative of the zones of life on Earth; includes land, water, atmosphere

Question 38

define: evolution

Answer 38

the process of gradual change in a population or species over time

Question 39

define: Phylogenetic Tree

Answer 39

a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic and/ or physical traits

Question 40

define: abstract (scientific paper)

Answer 40

opening section of a scientific paper summarizing the research and conclusion

Question 41

define: biochemistry

Answer 41

study of the chemistry of biological organisms

Question 42

define: observation

Answer 42

examining an action or process in order to gather information

Question 43

define: prediction

Answer 43

use deduction to predict- "if..then" logic - what should happen if the hypothesis is true

Question 44

define: experiment

Answer 44

test of the hypothesis and predictions -aims to validate or invalidate the hypothesis - requires careful design

Question 45

define: variable

Answer 45

condition of an experiment that is subject to change and that may influence an experiment's outcome

Question 46

define: control variables

Answer 46

factors that can change, but are prevented from changing during the course of an experiment -"what can I keep the same?"

Question 47

define: independent variable

Answer 47

- aka "Experimental variable" - the variable that affects the outcome of the experiment -an independent variable's values are controlled or selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship to the dependent variable - "what do I change?"

Question 48

define: dependent variable

Answer 48

the event studied and expected to change in response to the independent variable

Question 49

define: control group

Answer 49

the group in which all variables are held constant

Question 50

define: experimental group

Answer 50

the group in which one factor or treatment (independent variable) is varied

Question 51

Which variable is located along which axis of a graph?

Answer 51

The dependent variable is placed on the y-axis, which is the vertical axis of a graph. The independent variable goes on the x-axis, which is the horizontal axis.