Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is abocide?
The extermination of a people not physically, but by changing their status over generations so that there are increasingly less.
What is blood quantum?
It is the measure of ethnic identity that places you within a group dependent on you ethnic blood. It was introduced as a measure of who is indigenous alongside inheritance rules.
What is enfranchisement?
A voluntary or involuntary process in which relieved an individual of their Indian status. This removed certain roles and responsibilities in exchange for individual land ownership rights, and the right to vote.
What is a Métis person?
Originally, referred to a distinct group of people who were of mixed European and Indian, born from a European trapper father, and a First Nation woman. Distinct culture was created in Red River Settlement. The term now refers to any Canadian or mixed indigenous and European heritage.
When was the definition of Indian changed to be not strictly patrilineal?
In 1985 under Bill C-31
What is the Daniels Decision?
A decision in 2013 that ruled Métis and non-status Indians must be considered Indians. This is to be recognized under the constitution act and it was upheld in 2016. It is important to note that those classified under the Daniels decision were not Indian Act Status. Rather claiming a fiduciary duty, and stopped the decline of benefits based on “no jurisdiction”.
What were the major effects of the creation of Bill C-31?
I.) No one would gain or lose status through marriage.
II.) People who previously lost status through the provisions of the Indian act would be entitled to regain their status.
III.) Children whose parents lost their status would be able or regain this.
IV.) No one would have status unless at least one parent did.
V.) Concept of enfranchisement was abolished.
Bill C-31 also had effects on the labelling of Indians, how so?
The creation of Section 6(1) and Section 6(2). Both are considered legal Indians but have different inter marriage implications.
What is Bill S-3?
A bill aimed to reconcile the sex discrimination that was implicit in the cutoff date, and classification of women as Section6(2).
What are the three types of identity?
Behavioural: individuals live their ethnicity through carrying out specific activities such as residence, language, and interaction.
Symbolic: individuals feel they are indigenous, and due to circumstances, are unable to engage in behavioural components, they must then try to maintain cultural practices in symbolic ways.
Inherited: individual acknowledges heritage through either or both parents.
What is an Indian?
A legal definition with significant political and legal implications.
What is authentic indigenous identity?
It concerns indigenous peoples go have a historical continuity with pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories and consider themselves distinct from other sectors of society.
What may cultural criteria include?
Language, phenotypical traits, cultural traits, and geographical location.
When was enfranchisement automatic?
If the person;
- Reached a certain educational level
- Spoke fluent English or French
- Served in the war
- Was integrated into the economic system
What is the Indian Register?
A list of all legal Indians as determined by the Department of Indian Affairs, the roll was established in 1876.
What are the three definitions of First Nation?
- Those who claim on the census as having Indian ancestry
- Those who have a subjective link to First Nation identity
- That provided by the state
What are the two primary cases of nations being left off of the Indian register?
The Lubicon, and Labrador Innu
What did the McIvor case entail?
A systematic discrimination against women. It reconciled registration of people who’s mother lost status prior to April 1985
Why is the definition of who is Indian contentious?
Indigenous people argued they should be able to define themselves, govern themselves, as a sovereign nation.
How many self government treaties have been signed?
25, involving 43 communities
What is a First Nation?
A term first coined in the 1970s referring to status Indians and a differentiator to Metis and Inuits. It was coined by the National Indian Brotherhood.
What is indigenous defined as?
Typically to represent First Nations who have status with the federal government. Term is strictly social.
What are stereotypes?
Widely circulated over-simplifications about people. They are often cultural myths and provide basis for marginalization.
