Chapter 2 Flashcards
What are one-dimensional models?
One-dimensional models explain behavior through a single cause, often ignoring other contributing factors.
What are multidimensional models?
Multidimensional models are interdisciplinary and integrative, recognizing that abnormal behavior arises from a ‘system’ of influences.
What role do biological factors play in multidimensional models?
Biological factors such as genetics, physiology, and neurobiology play a significant role in understanding behavior.
What is polygenetic contribution?
Genetic contributions are polygenetic, meaning they involve multiple genes, and account for less than 50% of psychopathology.
What are gene-environment interactions?
Gene-environment interactions are crucial, as seen in the diathesis-stress model and the reciprocal gene-environment model.
How do environmental influences affect behavior?
Environmental influences can override genetic predispositions, highlighting that genes are not the sole determinant of behavior.
What does neuroscience examine?
Neuroscience examines the role of the nervous system in behavior.
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (somatic and autonomic branches).
How do neurons communicate?
Neurons communicate chemically via neurotransmitters.
What are the key brain structures?
Key brain structures include the hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum), midbrain, and forebrain (cerebral cortex).
What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?
The cerebral cortex is divided into lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.
What is the limbic system?
The limbic system, including the thalamus and hypothalamus, is vital for emotional regulation and behavior.
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic branch (voluntary muscles) and autonomic branch (sympathetic and parasympathetic).
How does the endocrine system interact with the nervous system?
The endocrine system, involving hormones, interacts with the nervous system through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenalcortical axis (HYPAC axis).
What are some important neurotransmitters?
Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, GABA, norepinephrine, and dopamine play important roles in behavior.
What are behavioral factors in multidimensional models?
Behavioral factors include respondent and operant learning, learned helplessness, modeling, observational learning, and prepared learning.
What cognitive processes are considered in multidimensional models?
Cognitive processes such as implicit learning and the influence of the unconscious are key.
What role do emotional influences play in psychopathology?
Emotional influences are crucial, as emotions elicit action and are tied to psychopathology.
What components do emotions have?
Emotions have components of behavior, physiology, and cognition.
What can emotional dysregulation lead to?
Emotional dysregulation can lead to various issues, including anger, hostility, and illness.
What are social factors in multidimensional models?
Social factors include cultural influences, gender effects, social interactions, and the stigma of psychopathology.
How does culture influence behavior?
Culture influences the expression of behavior.
What is the impact of social interactions on health?
Social interactions impact health, behavior and can be related to mortality, disease, and psychopathology.
What do developmental factors highlight?
Developmental factors highlight how life-span changes influence what is considered normal or abnormal.
What is equifinality in developmental psychopathology?
Equifinality is the concept where different paths can lead to the same outcome.
What does neuroscience show about psychosocial factors?
Neuroscience shows that psychosocial factors can alter brain structure and function.
How can therapy affect the brain?
Therapy, including medication and psychotherapy, can also change brain structure and function.
What is the rule regarding causation in behavior?
Multiple causation is the rule, not the exception, and must be considered when explaining behavior.
What is essential for understanding psychopathology?
A comprehensive, systemic perspective, incorporating biological, psychological, social, cultural, and developmental factors, is essential for understanding and addressing psychopathology.
What does the presentation emphasize about understanding psychopathology?
The presentation emphasizes the necessity of a multidimensional approach to understanding psychopathology, acknowledging the complex interplay of various influences.
