Chapter 2

Question 1

What are one-dimensional models?

Answer 1

One-dimensional models explain behavior through a single cause, often ignoring other contributing factors.

Question 2

What are multidimensional models?

Answer 2

Multidimensional models are interdisciplinary and integrative, recognizing that abnormal behavior arises from a ‘system’ of influences.

Question 3

What role do biological factors play in multidimensional models?

Answer 3

Biological factors such as genetics, physiology, and neurobiology play a significant role in understanding behavior.

Question 4

What is polygenetic contribution?

Answer 4

Genetic contributions are polygenetic, meaning they involve multiple genes, and account for less than 50% of psychopathology.

Question 5

What are gene-environment interactions?

Answer 5

Gene-environment interactions are crucial, as seen in the diathesis-stress model and the reciprocal gene-environment model.

Question 6

How do environmental influences affect behavior?

Answer 6

Environmental influences can override genetic predispositions, highlighting that genes are not the sole determinant of behavior.

Question 7

What does neuroscience examine?

Answer 7

Neuroscience examines the role of the nervous system in behavior.

Question 8

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 8

The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (somatic and autonomic branches).

Question 9

How do neurons communicate?

Answer 9

Neurons communicate chemically via neurotransmitters.

Question 10

What are the key brain structures?

Answer 10

Key brain structures include the hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum), midbrain, and forebrain (cerebral cortex).

Question 11

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 11

The cerebral cortex is divided into lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.

Question 12

What is the limbic system?

Answer 12

The limbic system, including the thalamus and hypothalamus, is vital for emotional regulation and behavior.

Question 13

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

Answer 13

The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic branch (voluntary muscles) and autonomic branch (sympathetic and parasympathetic).

Question 14

How does the endocrine system interact with the nervous system?

Answer 14

The endocrine system, involving hormones, interacts with the nervous system through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenalcortical axis (HYPAC axis).

Question 15

What are some important neurotransmitters?

Answer 15

Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, GABA, norepinephrine, and dopamine play important roles in behavior.

Question 16

What are behavioral factors in multidimensional models?

Answer 16

Behavioral factors include respondent and operant learning, learned helplessness, modeling, observational learning, and prepared learning.

Question 17

What cognitive processes are considered in multidimensional models?

Answer 17

Cognitive processes such as implicit learning and the influence of the unconscious are key.

Question 18

What role do emotional influences play in psychopathology?

Answer 18

Emotional influences are crucial, as emotions elicit action and are tied to psychopathology.

Question 19

What components do emotions have?

Answer 19

Emotions have components of behavior, physiology, and cognition.

Question 20

What can emotional dysregulation lead to?

Answer 20

Emotional dysregulation can lead to various issues, including anger, hostility, and illness.

Question 21

What are social factors in multidimensional models?

Answer 21

Social factors include cultural influences, gender effects, social interactions, and the stigma of psychopathology.

Question 22

How does culture influence behavior?

Answer 22

Culture influences the expression of behavior.

Question 23

What is the impact of social interactions on health?

Answer 23

Social interactions impact health, behavior and can be related to mortality, disease, and psychopathology.

Question 24

What do developmental factors highlight?

Answer 24

Developmental factors highlight how life-span changes influence what is considered normal or abnormal.

Question 25

What is equifinality in developmental psychopathology?

Answer 25

Equifinality is the concept where different paths can lead to the same outcome.

Question 26

What does neuroscience show about psychosocial factors?

Answer 26

Neuroscience shows that psychosocial factors can alter brain structure and function.

Question 27

How can therapy affect the brain?

Answer 27

Therapy, including medication and psychotherapy, can also change brain structure and function.

Question 28

What is the rule regarding causation in behavior?

Answer 28

Multiple causation is the rule, not the exception, and must be considered when explaining behavior.

Question 29

What is essential for understanding psychopathology?

Answer 29

A comprehensive, systemic perspective, incorporating biological, psychological, social, cultural, and developmental factors, is essential for understanding and addressing psychopathology.

Question 30

What does the presentation emphasize about understanding psychopathology?

Answer 30

The presentation emphasizes the necessity of a multidimensional approach to understanding psychopathology, acknowledging the complex interplay of various influences.