Chapter 1 Flashcards
Psychological Disorder
A psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected
4Ds of a psychological disorder
Deviance
Dysfucntion
Distress
Danger
True or false
The 4Ds are the criterion that has been made that fully defines a psychological disorder.
False. There’s no one criterion that has been developed that fully defines a psychological disorder.
Deviance
Something atypical or not culturally expected. Considered abnormal because it occurs infrequently or deviates from the average.
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statisitcal Manual for Psychological Disorders, 5ht Ed.
Contains the criteria for psychological disorders.
True or False
It is difficult to define what constitutes a psycholoigical disorder. The DSM-5 presents the most widely accepted definition.
True.
True or False
DSM-5 presents a typical profile of a psychological disorder called prototype.
True.
Psychopathology
Scientific study of psychological disorders.
Scientist-practitioner
Mental health professionals take a scientific approach to their clinical work.
3 characteristics of a scientist-practicioner
Consume Science
> keep up with scientific developments
Evaluate Science
> evaluate own assessments and treatement procedures
Create Science
> do research
Presented list of a specific or set of problems
Presenting problem
Unique combination of behaviors,thoughts, and feelings making up a specific disorder
Clinical description
Important function of a clinical description
Specify what makes the disorder different from normal behavior or other disorders.
Asks the number of people in a population have the disorder.
Prevalence
Asks the new cases of a disorder in a time period.
Incidence
The percentage of males and females has the disorder.
Sex ratio
An individual pattern of the disorder based on symptoms, age of onset, and sex ratio.
Course
It is a course that tends to last for a long time, sometimes a lifetime
Chronic course
Episodic course
The course that is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer recurrence of the disorder at a later time.
Time-limited course
A course that will improve without treatment in a realtively short period with little or no risk of recurrence.
An onset of a disorder that begins suddenly.
Acute onset
Insidious onset
An onset that describes a gradual development over an extended period of a disorder.
The anticipated course of a disorder.
Prognosis
Elements of a Clinical Description
Prevalence
Incidence
Sex ratio
Age
Course
Onset
Prognosis
Study of origins, why a disorder begins - biological, psychological, and social dimensions.
Etiology
Miguel recently began feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to function at work and fulfill other responsibilities, he finds himself feeling down much of the time and he worries about what is happening to him. Which of the definitions of abnormality apply to Miguel’s situation?
(a) societal norm violation
(b) impairment in functioning
(c) dysfunction
(d) distress
(d) distress
Three weeks ago, Jane, a 35-year-old business executive, stopped showering, refused to leave her apartment, and started watching television talk shows. Threats of being fired have failed to bring Jane back to reality, and she continues to spend her days staring blankly at the television screen. Which of the definitions seems to describe Jane’s behavior?
(a) societal norm violation
(b) impairment in functioning
(c) dysfunction
(d) distress
(b) impairment in functioning and (c) dysfunction
Maria should recover quickly with no intervention necessary. Without treatment, John will deteriorate rapidly.
(a) presenting problem
(b) prevalence
(c) incidence
(d) prognosis
(e) course
(f) etiology
(d) prognosis
Three new cases of bulimia have been reported in this county during the past month and only one in the next county.
(a) presenting problem
(b) prevalence
(c) incidence
(d) prognosis
(e) course
(f) etiology
(c) incidence
Elizabeth visited the campus mental health center because of her increasing feelings of guilt and anxiety.
(a) presenting problem
(b) prevalence
(c) incidence
(d) prognosis
(e) course
(f) etiology
(a) presenting problem
Biological, psychological, and social influences all contribute to a variety of disorders.
(a) presenting problem
(b) prevalence
(c) incidence
(d) prognosis
(e) course
(f) etiology
(f) etiology
The pattern a disorder follows can be chronic, timelimited, or episodic.
(a) presenting problem
(b) prevalence
(c) incidence
(d) prognosis
(e) course
(f) etiology
(e) course
How many people in the population as a whole suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder?
(a) presenting problem
(b) prevalence
(c) incidence
(d) prognosis
(e) course
(f) etiology
(b) prevalence
3 Major Traditions of Abnormal Behavior
Supernatural tradition
Biological tradition
Psychological tradition
Agents of supernatural model
Divinities, demons, spirits, magnetic fields, moon or the stars
Other terms for mind
Soul or psyche
One of the treaments during the supernatural tradition.
Use of various religious rituals was performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits.
Exorcism
in psychological tradition, it is stated that Insanity is a natural phenomenon caused by _________ __ ________ _____, which is curable
mental or emotional stress
Despair and lethargy was identified by the church with the sin of ______ or ______
acedia or sloth
psychological tradition
treatments during the time when insanity was considered curable were
rest, sleep, and a healthy and happy environment
Nicholas Oresme suggested that the disease of melancholy or __________ was the source of some bizarre behavior.
Depression
Other treatments for possession other than exorcism are
confinement, beatings, and other forms of torture
hanging people over a pit full of poisonous snakes therapeutic element of shock
Simultaneous behavior of people simply demonstrates the phenomenon of emotion contagion, in which the experience of an emotion
Mass hysteria
Word derived from Luna or Moon means crazy
Lunatic
Father of modern western medicine
Hippocrates
True or False
In the Hippocratic Corpus, it suggested that a psychological disorder could be treated like any other disease.
True.
Biological Tradition
Psychological disorders might also be caused by brain ________ or head ______ and could be influenced by ________ (_______).
brain pathology or head trauma; heredity (genetics)
Hippocrates considered the brain to be the seat of w________, c_____________, i______________, and e_________.
wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion.
Hippocratic-GaIen approach is the
Humoral theory of disorders
Four bodily fluids or humors
Blood(heart), black bile(spleen), yellow bile( liver), and phlegm(brain)
Humoral theory; ____________ imbalances
Chemical
Treatments for excessive humors
Rest
Nutrition
Excercise
Bleeding or bloodletting
Induce vomitting
To induce vomitting, Robert Burton recommends
Eating tobacco and half-boiled cabbage
Chinese medicine ; treatment
Yin and yang; acupuncture
physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no physical cause can be found
somatic symptom disorders
sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain
advanced syphilis
Symptoms of advanced syphilis
believing that everyone is plotting against you (delusion of persecution) or that you are God (delusion of grandeur), as well as other bizarre behaviors.
Psychosis
Delusions
Hallucination
Delusion
Belief not based on reality
Hallucinations
Perceptions not based on reality
advanced syphilis was designated as __________ _________ because it had consistent symptoms (presentation) and a consistent course that resulted in death.
general paresis
Facilitated the identification of the specific bacterial microorganism that caused syphilis
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur’s known for _________ _________
Germ theory
Argued that the causes of insanity were always physical.
Invented the rotary fan to ventilate his large hospital.
John P. Grey
A model explaining behavior with a single cause, often ignoring other relevant factors
One-dimensional model
A model that takes an interdisciplinary approach, recognizing that multiple biological, psychological, and social factors interact to produce and maintain suffering.
Multidimensional model
pre-existing vulnerability
diathesis
A model that proposes mental disorders result from a combination of a pre-existing vulnerability (diathesis) and environmental stressors, demonstrating how genes and environment interact.
Diathesis -stress model
Function of neurotransmitters
Chemical messenger
Transmit signal for communication
Four lobes of the cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
Name the Functions of the ff
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
frontal lobe: thinking and reasoning
parietal lobe: processes touch
occipital lobe: handles visual input
temporal lobe: responsible for processing sounds and storing long-term memories
Classical conditioning
involves learning associations between two stimuli, where a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that already has meaning.
Operant conditioning
involves learning associations between a behavior and its consequences, with behaviors reinforced by rewards or discouraged by punishments.
Principle of Equifinality
multiple developmental paths can lead to the same outcome;different experiences and factors can converge to produce similar psychological disorders.
purpose of Clinical assessment
Understand an individual
Predict behavior
Plan treatment
Evaluate treatment outcomes
compare biological and psychological traditions
Biological:
- abnormal behavior due to physical illness and focuses on physical treatments
- led tomedications and physical interventions
-emphasizes the role of genetics and neurobiology
Psychological:
- abnormal behavior one to psychological and emotional factors.
- led to the development of various forms of psychotherapy
- emphasizes the role of environmental factors, learned behaviors, and unconscious conflicts
Treatments of biological tradition
psychotropic medications
electroshock therapy
surgery
Treatments of psychological tradition
psychotherapy, such as psychoanalysis, humanistic therapy, and behavior therapy
