chapter 2

Question 1

career criminals

Answer 1

persistent repeat offenders who organize their lifestyle around criminality

Question 2

chronic offenders

Answer 2

as defined by marvin wolfgang, robert figlio, and thorsten sellin, delinquents arrested five or more times before the age of 18, who commit a disproportionate amount of all criminal offences

Question 3

cleared

Answer 3

an offense is cleared by arrest or solved when at least one person is arrested or charged with the commission of the offense and is turned over to the court for prosecution

Question 4

conflict view of crime

Answer 4

the view that criminal law is created and enforced by those who hold political and economic power and is a tool used by the ruling class to control dissatisfied have-not members of society

Question 5

consensus view of crime

Answer 5

the view that the great majority of citizens agree that a certain behaviors must be outlawed or controlled, and that criminal law is designed to protect citizens from social harm

Question 6

corporate crime

Answer 6

crime committed by a corporation, or by individuals who control the corporation or other business entity, for such purposes as illegally increasing market share, avoiding taxes, or thwarting competition

Question 7

crime

Answer 7

a violation of social rules of conduct, interpreted and expressed by a written criminal code, created by people holding social and political power. Its content may be influenced by prevailing public sentiments, historically developed moral beliefs, and the need to protect public safety

Question 8

early onset

Answer 8

the principle or fact that kids who have been exposed to a variety of personal and social problems at an early age are the most at risk to repeat offending

Question 9

expressive crimes

Answer 9

criminal acts that serve to vent rage, anger, or frustration

Question 10

hate crimes (bias crimes)

Answer 10

criminal acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group because they share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic

Question 11

instrumental crimes

Answer 11

criminal acts intended to improve the financial or social position of the criminal

Question 12

instrumental violence

Answer 12

violent behavior that results from criminal activity designed to improve the financial status of the culprit, such as shooting someone during a bank robbery

Question 13

interactionist view of crime

Answer 13

the view that criminal law reflects the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in the society and use their influence to impose their own values and moral code on the rest of the population

Question 14

liberal feminist theory

Answer 14

an ideology holding that women suffer oppression, discrimination, and disadvantage as a result of their sex and calling for gender equality in pay, opportunity, child care, and education.

Question 15

mass murder

Answer 15

type of multiple killer who kills many victims in a single violent outburst

Question 16

moral entrepreneurs

Answer 16

people who wage campaigns to control behaviors they view as immoral or wrong

Question 17

national crime victimization survey (NCVS)

Answer 17

the nations primary source of information on criminal victimization. each year, data from a national sample measure the frequency, characteristics, and consequences of criminal victimization by such crimes as rape, sexual assault, robbery, assault, theft, household burglary, and motor vehicle theft

Question 18

national incident=based reporting system (NIBRS)

Answer 18

a form of crime data collection created by the FBI requiring local police agencies to provide at least a brief account of each incident and arrest within 22 crime patterns, including the incident, victim, and offender information

Question 19

part 1 crimes

Answer 19

those crimes used by the FBI to gauge fluctuations int he overall volume and rate of crime. the offenses included were the violent crimes of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault and the property crimes of burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft and arson

Question 20

part 2 crimes

Answer 20

all other crimes reported to the FBI; these are less serious crimes and misdemeanors, excluding traffic violations.

Question 21

public order crimes

Answer 21

behaviors that are illegal because they run counter to existing moral standards. obscenity and prostitution are considered public order crimes

Question 22

racial threat hypothesis

Answer 22

the view that young minority males are subject to greater police control- for example, formal arrest- when their numbers increase within the population

Question 23

self-report survey

Answer 23

a research approach that questions large groups of subjects, such as high school students, about their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts

Question 24

serial killer

Answer 24

type of multiple killer who kills over a long period of time but typically assumes a “normal” identity between murders

Question 25

spree killer

Answer 25

type of multiple killer who spreads the murderous outburst over a few days or weeks

Question 26

three-strikes laws

Answer 26

sentencing codes that require than an offender receive a life sentence after conviction for a third felony. some states allow parole after a lengthy prison stay- for example 25 years

Question 27

truth-in-sentencing laws

Answer 27

laws requiring convicted felons to spend a significalnt portion oft ehir sentence behind bars

Question 28

uniform crime report (UCR)

Answer 28

the official crime data collected by the FBI from local police departments

Question 29

white-collar crime

Answer 29

white-collar crimes involve the violation of rules that control business enterprise. they include employee pilferage, bribery, commodities law violations, mail fraud, computer fraud, environmental law violations, embezzlement, internet scams, extortion, forgery, insurance fraud, price fixing, and environmental pollution.