Chapter 1 terms Flashcards
backwards
miranda vs. arizona established that suspects under arrest must be advised that they have no obligation to answer questions and that they are entitled to have a lawyer present during questioning, if necessary, at no expense to themselves
miranda warning: case and definition
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a term used to imply that all parties in the justice process work together in a cooperative effort to settle cases efficiently rather than to engage in a true adversarial procedure
courtroom work group
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a model of criminal justice that emphasizes the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society through harsh punishment as a deterrent to crime
crime control perspective
backwards
the system of law enforcement, adjudication, and correction that is directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, and control of those charged with criminal offenses
criminal justice system
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reducing the penalty for a criminal act without legalizing it
decriminalization
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the policy of removing from secure confinement as many first offenders of a minor, nonviolent crimes as possible and treating them in the community
deinstitutionalization
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a perspective on criminal justice that emphasizes individual rights and constitutional safeguards against arbitrary or unfair judicial or administrative proceedings
due process perspective
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a perspective on criminal justice based on the idea that all people should receive the same treatment under the law and should be evaluated on the basis of their current behavior, not on what they have done in the past.
equal justice perspective
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determining whether criminal justice programs actually reduce crime rates and offender recidivism through the use of the scientific method
evidence-based justice
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a type of jury responsible for investigating alleged crimes, examining evidence, and issuing indictments
grand jury
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the principle that in order to make an arrest in a misdemeanor, the arresting officer must have personally witnessed the crime being committed
in-presence requirement
backwards
federal agency that provided technical assistance and hundreds of millions of dollars in aid to state and local justice agencies between 1969 and 1982
law enforcement assistance administration (LEAA)
backwards
the term used when a prosecutor decides to drop a case after a complaint has been formally made. reasons for a nolle prosequi include evidence insufficiency, reluctance of witnesses to testify, police error, and office pollicy
nolle prosequi
backwards
a perspective on criminal justice that favors the least intrusive treatment possible: decarceration, diversion, and decriminalization
nonintervention perspective
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a perspective on criminal justice that sees crime as an expression of frustration and anger created by social inequality that can be controlled by giving people the means to improve their lifestyles through conventional endeavors
rehabilitation perspective
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a perspective on criminal justice that sees the main goal of the criminal justice system as making a systematic response to wrongdoing that emphasizes healing victims, offenders, and communities wounded by crime. it stresses peacemaking, not punishment.
restorative justice perspective
backwards
a society’s ability to control individual behavior in order to serve the best interests and welfare of the society as a hwole
social control
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a written statement charging a defendant with the commission of a crime, drawn up by a prosecuting attorney and considered by a grand jury. if the grand jury finds sufficient evidence to support the indictment, it will issue a true bill of indictment.
true bill of indictment
forward
miranda warning: case and definition
miranda vs. arizona established that suspects under arrest must be advised that they have no obligation to answer questions and that they are entitled to have a lawyer present during questioning, if necessary, at no expense to themselves
forward
courtroom work group
a term used to imply that all parties in the justice process work together in a cooperative effort to settle cases efficiently rather than to engage in a true adversarial procedure
forward
crime control perspective
a model of criminal justice that emphasizes the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society through harsh punishment as a deterrent to crime
forward
criminal justice system
the system of law enforcement, adjudication, and correction that is directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, and control of those charged with criminal offenses
forward
decriminalization
reducing the penalty for a criminal act without legalizing it
forward
deinstitutionalization
the policy of removing from secure confinement as many first offenders of a minor, nonviolent crimes as possible and treating them in the community
forward
due process perspective
a perspective on criminal justice that emphasizes individual rights and constitutional safeguards against arbitrary or unfair judicial or administrative proceedings
forward
equal justice perspective
a perspective on criminal justice based on the idea that all people should receive the same treatment under the law and should be evaluated on the basis of their current behavior, not on what they have done in the past.
forward
evidence-based justice
determining whether criminal justice programs actually reduce crime rates and offender recidivism through the use of the scientific method
forward
grand jury
a type of jury responsible for investigating alleged crimes, examining evidence, and issuing indictments
forward
in-presence requirement
the principle that in order to make an arrest in a misdemeanor, the arresting officer must have personally witnessed the crime being committed
forward
law enforcement assistance administration (LEAA)
federal agency that provided technical assistance and hundreds of millions of dollars in aid to state and local justice agencies between 1969 and 1982
forward
nolle prosequi
the term used when a prosecutor decides to drop a case after a complaint has been formally made. reasons for a nolle prosequi include evidence insufficiency, reluctance of witnesses to testify, police error, and office pollicy
forward
nonintervention perspective
a perspective on criminal justice that favors the least intrusive treatment possible: decarceration, diversion, and decriminalization
forward
rehabilitation perspective
a perspective on criminal justice that sees crime as an expression of frustration and anger created by social inequality that can be controlled by giving people the means to improve their lifestyles through conventional endeavors
forward
restorative justice perspective
a perspective on criminal justice that sees the main goal of the criminal justice system as making a systematic response to wrongdoing that emphasizes healing victims, offenders, and communities wounded by crime. it stresses peacemaking, not punishment.
forward
social control
a society’s ability to control individual behavior in order to serve the best interests and welfare of the society as a hwole
forward
true bill of indictment
a written statement charging a defendant with the commission of a crime, drawn up by a prosecuting attorney and considered by a grand jury. if the grand jury finds sufficient evidence to support the indictment, it will issue a true bill of indictment.
