Chapter 1 terms

Question 1

backwards

miranda vs. arizona established that suspects under arrest must be advised that they have no obligation to answer questions and that they are entitled to have a lawyer present during questioning, if necessary, at no expense to themselves

Answer 1

miranda warning: case and definition

Question 2

backwards

a term used to imply that all parties in the justice process work together in a cooperative effort to settle cases efficiently rather than to engage in a true adversarial procedure

Answer 2

courtroom work group

Question 3

backwards

a model of criminal justice that emphasizes the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society through harsh punishment as a deterrent to crime

Answer 3

crime control perspective

Question 4

backwards

the system of law enforcement, adjudication, and correction that is directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, and control of those charged with criminal offenses

Answer 4

criminal justice system

Question 5

backwards

reducing the penalty for a criminal act without legalizing it

Answer 5

decriminalization

Question 6

backwards

the policy of removing from secure confinement as many first offenders of a minor, nonviolent crimes as possible and treating them in the community

Answer 6

deinstitutionalization

Question 7

backwards

a perspective on criminal justice that emphasizes individual rights and constitutional safeguards against arbitrary or unfair judicial or administrative proceedings

Answer 7

due process perspective

Question 8

backwards

a perspective on criminal justice based on the idea that all people should receive the same treatment under the law and should be evaluated on the basis of their current behavior, not on what they have done in the past.

Answer 8

equal justice perspective

Question 9

backwards

determining whether criminal justice programs actually reduce crime rates and offender recidivism through the use of the scientific method

Answer 9

evidence-based justice

Question 10

backwards

a type of jury responsible for investigating alleged crimes, examining evidence, and issuing indictments

Answer 10

grand jury

Question 11

backwards

the principle that in order to make an arrest in a misdemeanor, the arresting officer must have personally witnessed the crime being committed

Answer 11

in-presence requirement

Question 12

backwards

federal agency that provided technical assistance and hundreds of millions of dollars in aid to state and local justice agencies between 1969 and 1982

Answer 12

law enforcement assistance administration (LEAA)

Question 13

backwards

the term used when a prosecutor decides to drop a case after a complaint has been formally made. reasons for a nolle prosequi include evidence insufficiency, reluctance of witnesses to testify, police error, and office pollicy

Answer 13

nolle prosequi

Question 14

backwards

a perspective on criminal justice that favors the least intrusive treatment possible: decarceration, diversion, and decriminalization

Answer 14

nonintervention perspective

Question 15

backwards

a perspective on criminal justice that sees crime as an expression of frustration and anger created by social inequality that can be controlled by giving people the means to improve their lifestyles through conventional endeavors

Answer 15

rehabilitation perspective

Question 16

backwards

a perspective on criminal justice that sees the main goal of the criminal justice system as making a systematic response to wrongdoing that emphasizes healing victims, offenders, and communities wounded by crime. it stresses peacemaking, not punishment.

Answer 16

restorative justice perspective

Question 17

backwards

a society’s ability to control individual behavior in order to serve the best interests and welfare of the society as a hwole

Answer 17

social control

Question 18

backwards

a written statement charging a defendant with the commission of a crime, drawn up by a prosecuting attorney and considered by a grand jury. if the grand jury finds sufficient evidence to support the indictment, it will issue a true bill of indictment.

Answer 18

true bill of indictment

Question 19

forward

miranda warning: case and definition

Answer 19

miranda vs. arizona established that suspects under arrest must be advised that they have no obligation to answer questions and that they are entitled to have a lawyer present during questioning, if necessary, at no expense to themselves

Question 20

forward

courtroom work group

Answer 20

a term used to imply that all parties in the justice process work together in a cooperative effort to settle cases efficiently rather than to engage in a true adversarial procedure

Question 21

forward

crime control perspective

Answer 21

a model of criminal justice that emphasizes the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society through harsh punishment as a deterrent to crime

Question 22

forward

criminal justice system

Answer 22

the system of law enforcement, adjudication, and correction that is directly involved in the apprehension, prosecution, and control of those charged with criminal offenses

Question 23

forward

decriminalization

Answer 23

reducing the penalty for a criminal act without legalizing it

Question 24

forward

deinstitutionalization

Answer 24

the policy of removing from secure confinement as many first offenders of a minor, nonviolent crimes as possible and treating them in the community

Question 25

forward

due process perspective

Answer 25

a perspective on criminal justice that emphasizes individual rights and constitutional safeguards against arbitrary or unfair judicial or administrative proceedings

Question 26

forward

equal justice perspective

Answer 26

a perspective on criminal justice based on the idea that all people should receive the same treatment under the law and should be evaluated on the basis of their current behavior, not on what they have done in the past.

Question 27

forward

evidence-based justice

Answer 27

determining whether criminal justice programs actually reduce crime rates and offender recidivism through the use of the scientific method

Question 28

forward

grand jury

Answer 28

a type of jury responsible for investigating alleged crimes, examining evidence, and issuing indictments

Question 29

forward

in-presence requirement

Answer 29

the principle that in order to make an arrest in a misdemeanor, the arresting officer must have personally witnessed the crime being committed

Question 30

forward

law enforcement assistance administration (LEAA)

Answer 30

federal agency that provided technical assistance and hundreds of millions of dollars in aid to state and local justice agencies between 1969 and 1982

Question 31

forward

nolle prosequi

Answer 31

the term used when a prosecutor decides to drop a case after a complaint has been formally made. reasons for a nolle prosequi include evidence insufficiency, reluctance of witnesses to testify, police error, and office pollicy

Question 32

forward

nonintervention perspective

Answer 32

a perspective on criminal justice that favors the least intrusive treatment possible: decarceration, diversion, and decriminalization

Question 33

forward

rehabilitation perspective

Answer 33

a perspective on criminal justice that sees crime as an expression of frustration and anger created by social inequality that can be controlled by giving people the means to improve their lifestyles through conventional endeavors

Question 34

forward

restorative justice perspective

Answer 34

a perspective on criminal justice that sees the main goal of the criminal justice system as making a systematic response to wrongdoing that emphasizes healing victims, offenders, and communities wounded by crime. it stresses peacemaking, not punishment.

Question 35

forward

social control

Answer 35

a society’s ability to control individual behavior in order to serve the best interests and welfare of the society as a hwole

Question 36

forward

true bill of indictment

Answer 36

a written statement charging a defendant with the commission of a crime, drawn up by a prosecuting attorney and considered by a grand jury. if the grand jury finds sufficient evidence to support the indictment, it will issue a true bill of indictment.