Chapter 2 Flashcards
Which one of the following is a reason to study nursing history?
a. To fulfill provincial/territorial nursing requirements
b. To help fill up the necessary credit hours for graduation
c. To meet accreditation requirements
d. To understand the present and plan for tomorrow
d. To understand the present and plan for tomorrow
Which group was the first to establish hospitals?
a. Feudal lords, to keep their peons working
b. Small towns, to care for their own citizens
c. The military, to enable soldiers to keep fighting
d. Religious orders, to care for the sick, poor, and neglected
d. Religious orders, to care for the sick, poor, and neglected
The Industrial Revolution caused earlier caregiving approaches—where care was provided
by families, friends, and neighbours—to become inadequate because of constantly
increasing demand. Which situation also contributed to the inadequacy of caregiving
approaches at this time?
a. Ongoing wars, which caused frequent deaths and injuries
b. Horrific plagues that swept through Europe
c. Migration and urbanization
d. The need to pay caregivers
c. Migration and urbanization
Which event most notably changed health care?
a. The creation of the discipline of nursing by Florence Nightingale
b. The formation of sisterhoods by nuns who gave care
c. The establishment of the Sisters of Mercy in Dublin
d. The formation of the Dames de la Charité by Saint Vincent de Paul
a. The creation of the discipline of nursing by Florence Nightingale
Eunice Dyke was a public health nursing pioneer in Canada. In which area did she play a key role at the beginning of the twentieth century?
a. Decentralization of public health nursing
b. Specialization of public health nursing
c. Inclusion of powerful citizens on health department boards to ensure adequate funds to pay for care
d. Development of a system for accurate records of births and deaths
a. Decentralization of public health nursing
Eunice Dyke was a pioneer in public health nursing in Canada, known for decentralizing healthcare by shifting services from hospitals to community-based care. In 1911, she became Toronto’s first Director of Public Health Nursing, advocating for neighborhood health programs, specialized nursing education, and preventative care through home visits and school health initiatives. Despite resistance, her efforts improved accessibility and disease prevention, shaping modern community health nursing in Canada.
Which was a very important factor in the success of early visiting nurses?
a. The care they provided that served as a model for all later hospitals
b. The more economical care they provided to families
c. Their role model, Edna Moore
d. The superb publicity campaign that was created by the health departments
b. The more economical care they provided to families
The success of early visiting nurses was largely due to the more economical care they provided to families. By delivering healthcare directly to homes, they reduced the need for costly hospital stays and made medical care more accessible, particularly for lower-income families. Their focus on preventative care, health education, and home-based treatment helped improve public health outcomes while minimizing financial burdens on both families and the healthcare system. This cost-effective approach contributed to the widespread adoption and expansion of visiting nursing services.
Which public health nurse leader was instrumental in establishing the first integrated basic nursing degree program in Canada?
a. Florence Nightingale
b. Kathleen Russell
c. Edna Moore
d. Lillian Wald
b. Kathleen Russell
Kathleen Russell was instrumental in establishing the first integrated basic nursing degree program in Canada. She played a key role in advancing nursing education by advocating for a university-based curriculum, ensuring that nurses received both theoretical and clinical training within an academic framework. Her contributions helped professionalize nursing by moving away from the traditional hospital-based apprenticeship model, laying the foundation for modern nursing education in Canada.
Which argument was used to convince the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company to
establish the first community health nursing program for workers in 1909?
a. Creating such a service was the morally right thing to do.
b. Employing nurses directly would be less expensive than paying taxes to the city to provide nursing services.
c. Having the company’s nurses make home visits would increase morale among workers.
d. Using PHNs would keep workers healthier, which would increase worker productivity.
d. Using PHNs would keep workers healthier, which would increase worker productivity.
The rationale behind this decision was that using public health nurses (PHNs) would keep workers healthier, which would increase worker productivity. In 1909, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company was convinced to establish the first community health nursing program for workers based on the economic argument that healthier employees would take fewer sick days, work more efficiently, and ultimately improve company profits. This approach aligned with the business model, demonstrating that investing in worker health was not just beneficial for employees but also financially advantageous for the company.
What is the main achievement of the Community Health Nurses Association of Canada?
a. Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) as well as registered nurses (RNs) were allowed to join the association.
b. Nurses who were not PHNs were encouraged to join.
c. National standards of practice were developed.
d. A process was developed to choose the organization’s leaders and officers
c. National standards of practice were developed.
The main achievement of the Community Health Nurses Association of Canada (CHNAC) was the development of national standards of practice for community health nursing. These standards established consistent, evidence-based guidelines to define the role, scope, and competencies of community health nurses across Canada. By setting these benchmarks, CHNAC enhanced professional accountability, ensured high-quality care, and supported policy development for public health and home care nursing.
Following the release of the Romanow Report in 2002, which type of care was identified as the most rapidly growing area of community health care?
a. Home care
b. Community problems
c. Immunization
d. Women’s issues
a. Home care
The Romanow Report, officially titled “Building on Values: The Future of Health Care in Canada”, was commissioned by the Canadian federal government in 2001 and led by Roy Romanow, a former Saskatchewan premier. The report was initiated in response to growing concerns about the sustainability of Canada’s publicly funded healthcare system, including rising costs, increasing wait times, and an aging population.
One of the report’s key recommendations was to expand publicly funded home care services as an integral part of the healthcare system. This expansion aimed to reduce hospital overcrowding, improve patient outcomes, and better support Canada’s aging population.
In which practice area were the first public health nurses (PHNs) in Canada employed?
a. Healthy baby clinics
b. Outpost nursing
c. School health programs
d. Tuberculosis education, prevention, and treatment
d. Tuberculosis education, prevention, and treatment.
The first public health nurses (PHNs) in Canada were primarily employed in tuberculosis (TB) education, prevention, and treatment. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, tuberculosis was a major public health crisis, prompting the need for community-based interventions. PHNs played a key role in screening, educating the public on prevention, conducting home visits, and supporting treatment adherence. Their efforts significantly contributed to reducing TB transmission and improving public health outcomes in Canada.
What was the main reason for the brief existence of the nurse practitioner–model educational program?
a. Inadequate assessment and planning in the local area
b. Insufficient provincial/territorial funding
c. The large number of primary care physicians practising in urban areas
d. The need for nursing expertise and skills in other practice settings
c. The large number of primary care physicians practising in urban areas.
The nurse practitioner (NP) educational model was first introduced in Canada in the 1970s in response to healthcare access issues, particularly in rural and remote areas. However, it was short-lived because there were enough primary care physicians in urban areas, reducing the perceived need for NPs.
By the 1990s, physician shortages, healthcare system restructuring, and increasing demands for primary care services led to the revival of the NP role. Provinces began reintroducing NP programs, recognizing their value in improving access to care, reducing wait times, and addressing gaps in the healthcare system.
Which was the first province in Canada to establish a public health nursing service?
a. Nova Scotia
b. Ontario
c. British Columbia
d. Manitoba
d. Manitoba
Manitoba established Canada’s first public health nursing service in 1916 due to its large rural population, high rates of infectious diseases, and maternal health concerns. With limited healthcare access, public health nurses were essential for disease prevention, maternal care, and health education. The provincial government recognized the need for community-based care, making Manitoba a leader in public health nursing.
