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intro to biology > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the specific location within an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds is called?

A

active site

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2
Q

enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the ______ which allows the reaction to proceed much more quickly

A

activation energy

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3
Q

lactose takes years to break down on its own. but if exposed to the protein lactase, the reaction proceeds very quickly, while lactase itself remains unchanged. lactase is an example of?

A

an enzyme

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4
Q

a(n) _____ is a molecule that can bind to an enzyme and prevent the enzyme from working

A

inhibitor

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5
Q

a _______ binds to the active site of the enzyme

A

a competitive inhibitor

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6
Q

a(n) _____ binds elsewhere on the enzyme

A

noncompetitive inhibitor

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7
Q

during an enzymatic reaction, a molecule of _____ binds to the enzyme and is broken down into one or more molecules of _____ which are released

A

substrate, product

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8
Q

what makes one protein capable of a different function than other proteins

A

the amino acid sequence of a protein determines its function

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9
Q

food processors are phasing out the use of which types of fats, because research shows they’re unhealthy

A

saturated fats and trans fats

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10
Q

starch and glycogen are complex carbohydrates made by joining together long chains of _____ molecules

A

glucose

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11
Q

the chemical reaction shown here, in which a large molecule is broken down into the smaller parts that make it up, is called a _____ reaction

A

hydrolysis

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12
Q

follicle cells in your scalp assemble proteins to build new hair. this most likely involves _____ reactions.

A

dehydration synthesis

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13
Q

the four classes of large organic molecules that are essential to life include _____

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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14
Q

the term for a solution with a low pH number, such as lemon juice or vinegar is _____

A

acidic

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15
Q

the term for a solution that has an equal concentration of H+ and OH- is _____

A

neutral

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16
Q

the term for a solution with a high pH number, such as ammonia or bleach is _____

A

basic

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17
Q

an acid is a compound that donates _____ to a solution

A

H+

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18
Q

the higher the pH number, the higher the concentration of _____ in a solution

A

OH-

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19
Q

a substance that accepts H+ when they are in excess and donates H+ when their concentration drops is called a _____

A

buffer

20
Q

what is responsible for the unusual chemical properties of water?

A

water molecules form a network of hydrogen bonds with one another

21
Q

water molecules sticking together is

A

cohesion and adhesion

22
Q

what is a dissolving agent called

A

solvent

23
Q

the tendency of molecules to stick together

A

cohesion

24
Q

how do cells regulate their pH

A

through buffers

25
Q

sets of atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton

A

functional groups

26
Q

most biological macromolecules are?

A

polymers

27
Q

large molecules with complex structure are?

A

macromolecules

28
Q

polymers are broken down through

A

hydrolysis

29
Q

polymers are built through

A

dehydration synthesis

30
Q

simple sugars are

A

monosaccharides

31
Q

carbohydrates consist of one or more _____ joined together

A

monosaccharides

32
Q

a _____ is made up of two monosaccharides

A

disaccharide

33
Q

lipids are hydrophobic which means they

A

repel water

34
Q

not a polymer or made up of monomers

A

lipid

35
Q

cholesterol is a

A

steroid

36
Q

typical dietary fat consists of a lipid molecule called a

A

triglyceride

37
Q

performs essential functions in the human body: energy storage, cushioning, insulation, membrane function, hormone regulation

A

lipids of fats

38
Q

saturated fats have _____ bond

A

single

39
Q

unsaturated fats have a _____ bond

A

double

40
Q

polymers made by joining many amino acid monomers together

A

proteins

41
Q

chain of amino acids

A

polypeptide

42
Q

keratin is an important component of hair, skin, nails, and fur

A

structure

43
Q

hemaglobin, found within red blood cells, carries oxygen through the body via bloodstream

A

transport

44
Q

antibodies are proteins within your immune system that bind to foreign invaders, marking them for destruction

A

defense

45
Q

actin is one of the proteins that enables muscles to contract

A

movement

intro to biology (4 decks)

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