chapter 2 Flashcards
organic compounds are divided into families based on characteristic _______ groups, which influence their molecular _______
funtional
properties
the polarity of an individual bond is measured as its bond ______ moment
dipole
The greater the _______ the greater the dipole moment
the more _______ the greater the dipole moment
electronegativity
bonds
Bonds more important that EN
the value of a molecular dipole moment is equal to the _______ of the individual bond dipole moments
vector sum
What are the 3 physical properties affected by the intermolecular forces?
1) molting point
2) boiling point
3) solubility
What are the 3 types of intermolecular forces and rank them in order from weakest to strongest
1) London dispersion (weakest)
2) dipole dipole
3) hydrogen (strongest)
Dipole-dipole is the attraction between two _______ molecules
polar
In dipole-dipole, the _______ and _______ are attracted to each other
positive (partial positive) and negative (partial negative)
In london dispersion, _______ molecules induce a _______ dipole moment on a nonpolar molecule when close to each other
polar
temporary
In London dispersion, the greater the _______ of the molecule, the stronger the dispersion, which leads to a higher boiling point
surface area
in Hydrogen bonding, a _______ atom attached to an _______ is attracted to the _______ on a different _______
H
NOF
lone pair
NOF
The greater the strength of the hydrogen bond, the _______ the boiling point
higher
What is the solubility rule?
like dissolves like
In a polar solute + polar solvent solution, the salt will dissolve partly because of strong _______ and partly because of the increase in _______ when it dissolves
solvation (when water encapsulates each charge)
entropy
in a nonpolar solute + nonpolar solvent solution, there is _______ change in energy, but large increase in _______
little
entropy
Nonpolar substances that do not dissolve in water are called _______
hydrophobic
Polar substances that readily dissolve in water are called _______
hydrophilic
What are the two parts of organic molecules?
1) Carbon+Hydrogen backbone
2) functional groups
What are the 3 classes of functional groups?
1) hydrocarbons (C+H)
2) compounds containing O
3) compounds containing N
What is a heteroatom?
a name for something that is not a carbon or a hydrogen
Majority of hydrocarbons are _______, so these compounds tend to be _______
nonpolar
hydrophobic
What does the prefix cyclo mean?
inside ring
oxygen-containing functional groups are much more _______ compared to hydrocarbons
polar
the oxygen atoms can form H-bonds with H-bond donors such as _______, _______, and _______
alcohols, amines, water
the nitrogen atom from Amine is _______ because it can accept hydrogen bonds from water
hydrophilic
if Amine has N-H bonds, these can _______ hydrogen bonds to water
donate
Amides form particularly strong _______
H-bonds
What is the key to identifying functional groups?
find the largest group possible
What is the definition of a Bronsted-Lowry acid?
proton donor
What is the definition on a Bronsted-Lowry base?
proton acceptor
A strong acid will have a _______ pKa value while a weak acid will have a _______ pKa value
small (often negative)
big
Acid-base reactions (disfavor/favor) the weaker acid and base
favor
The _______ reagent reacts _______
strong
first
Water is _______; it can react with both an acid and a base
amphoteric
Water _______ the possible ranges of acid strength to values of pKa > -1.7
narrows
Determining the acidity of the compound:
1) to be a Bronsted-Lowry acid, a compound must contain a ___ atom that can be lost as a proton
2) the stability of the _______ is a good guide to acidity
1) H
2) conjugate base
When determining the strongest acid, you must look at the Stability of the _______
conjugate base
List the order in which atom electronegativity, inductive effect, hybridization, and resonance effect acidity strength
1) atom electronegativity
2) resonance (quality over quantity)
3) inductive effect (check order)
4) hybridization
A more electronegative element can handle a _______ charge more easily giving a more stable conjugate base and stronger acid
negative
Inductive effect: transmission of _______ through a chain of atoms in a molecule, resulting in a permanent _______ moment
charge
dipole
What does EWG stand for? does its inclusion increase or decrease acidity?
electron-withdrawing group
increase acidity
EWG’s contain a _______ which is what makes it an EWG
carbon with a partial positive or just an element with a full positive charge
Stronger EWG = _______ acids
multiple EWG = _______ acids
stronger
stronger
What does EDG stand for? does its inclusion increase or decrease acidity?
Electron donating
decrease acidity
EDG’s contain _______ with the exception of the R group which adds through its bonds
lone pairs
When determining acidity, first look at the _______ that the H in question is attached to. More _______ atoms are more likely to donate H+ making it a stronger acid
atom
electronegative
When comparing inductive effects what is the order you should do it?
1) look at the EN of the atom in question
2) look at the closest branch and determine EWG/EDG
3) look at strength then the the number of EWG or EDG
4) if strength and number are same look at the distance
When determining the strength of a base, look at the _______.
_______ and _______ = weaker base
base
EWG
Resonance
What is the definition of a lewis acid?
an electron acceptor
What is the definition of a lewis base?
an electron donor
What is the acceptable name for lewis base?
nucleophile
What is the acceptable name for lewis acid?
electrophile
The curved-arrow formalism: shows the movement of an _______ from the electron donor to the electron acceptor
electron
