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OCHEM > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

organic compounds are divided into families based on characteristic _______ groups, which influence their molecular _______

A

funtional
properties

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2
Q

the polarity of an individual bond is measured as its bond ______ moment

A

dipole

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3
Q

The greater the _______ the greater the dipole moment
the more _______ the greater the dipole moment

A

electronegativity
bonds

Bonds more important that EN

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4
Q

the value of a molecular dipole moment is equal to the _______ of the individual bond dipole moments

A

vector sum

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5
Q

What are the 3 physical properties affected by the intermolecular forces?

A

1) molting point
2) boiling point
3) solubility

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of intermolecular forces and rank them in order from weakest to strongest

A

1) London dispersion (weakest)
2) dipole dipole
3) hydrogen (strongest)

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7
Q

Dipole-dipole is the attraction between two _______ molecules

A

polar

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8
Q

In dipole-dipole, the _______ and _______ are attracted to each other

A

positive (partial positive) and negative (partial negative)

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9
Q

In london dispersion, _______ molecules induce a _______ dipole moment on a nonpolar molecule when close to each other

A

polar
temporary

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10
Q

In London dispersion, the greater the _______ of the molecule, the stronger the dispersion, which leads to a higher boiling point

A

surface area

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11
Q

in Hydrogen bonding, a _______ atom attached to an _______ is attracted to the _______ on a different _______

A

H
NOF
lone pair
NOF

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12
Q

The greater the strength of the hydrogen bond, the _______ the boiling point

A

higher

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13
Q

What is the solubility rule?

A

like dissolves like

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14
Q

In a polar solute + polar solvent solution, the salt will dissolve partly because of strong _______ and partly because of the increase in _______ when it dissolves

A

solvation (when water encapsulates each charge)
entropy

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15
Q

in a nonpolar solute + nonpolar solvent solution, there is _______ change in energy, but large increase in _______

A

little
entropy

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16
Q

Nonpolar substances that do not dissolve in water are called _______

A

hydrophobic

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17
Q

Polar substances that readily dissolve in water are called _______

A

hydrophilic

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18
Q

What are the two parts of organic molecules?

A

1) Carbon+Hydrogen backbone
2) functional groups

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19
Q

What are the 3 classes of functional groups?

A

1) hydrocarbons (C+H)
2) compounds containing O
3) compounds containing N

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20
Q

What is a heteroatom?

A

a name for something that is not a carbon or a hydrogen

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21
Q

Majority of hydrocarbons are _______, so these compounds tend to be _______

A

nonpolar
hydrophobic

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22
Q

What does the prefix cyclo mean?

A

inside ring

23
Q

oxygen-containing functional groups are much more _______ compared to hydrocarbons

A

polar

24
Q

the oxygen atoms can form H-bonds with H-bond donors such as _______, _______, and _______

A

alcohols, amines, water

25
Q

the nitrogen atom from Amine is _______ because it can accept hydrogen bonds from water

A

hydrophilic

26
Q

if Amine has N-H bonds, these can _______ hydrogen bonds to water

A

donate

27
Q

Amides form particularly strong _______

A

H-bonds

28
Q

What is the key to identifying functional groups?

A

find the largest group possible

29
Q

What is the definition of a Bronsted-Lowry acid?

A

proton donor

30
Q

What is the definition on a Bronsted-Lowry base?

A

proton acceptor

31
Q

A strong acid will have a _______ pKa value while a weak acid will have a _______ pKa value

A

small (often negative)
big

32
Q

Acid-base reactions (disfavor/favor) the weaker acid and base

A

favor

33
Q

The _______ reagent reacts _______

A

strong
first

34
Q

Water is _______; it can react with both an acid and a base

A

amphoteric

35
Q

Water _______ the possible ranges of acid strength to values of pKa > -1.7

A

narrows

36
Q

Determining the acidity of the compound:
1) to be a Bronsted-Lowry acid, a compound must contain a ___ atom that can be lost as a proton
2) the stability of the _______ is a good guide to acidity

A

1) H
2) conjugate base

37
Q

When determining the strongest acid, you must look at the Stability of the _______

A

conjugate base

38
Q

List the order in which atom electronegativity, inductive effect, hybridization, and resonance effect acidity strength

A

1) atom electronegativity
2) resonance (quality over quantity)
3) inductive effect (check order)
4) hybridization

39
Q

A more electronegative element can handle a _______ charge more easily giving a more stable conjugate base and stronger acid

A

negative

40
Q

Inductive effect: transmission of _______ through a chain of atoms in a molecule, resulting in a permanent _______ moment

A

charge
dipole

41
Q

What does EWG stand for? does its inclusion increase or decrease acidity?

A

electron-withdrawing group
increase acidity

42
Q

EWG’s contain a _______ which is what makes it an EWG

A

carbon with a partial positive or just an element with a full positive charge

43
Q

Stronger EWG = _______ acids
multiple EWG = _______ acids

A

stronger
stronger

44
Q

What does EDG stand for? does its inclusion increase or decrease acidity?

A

Electron donating
decrease acidity

45
Q

EDG’s contain _______ with the exception of the R group which adds through its bonds

A

lone pairs

46
Q

When determining acidity, first look at the _______ that the H in question is attached to. More _______ atoms are more likely to donate H+ making it a stronger acid

A

atom
electronegative

47
Q

When comparing inductive effects what is the order you should do it?

A

1) look at the EN of the atom in question
2) look at the closest branch and determine EWG/EDG
3) look at strength then the the number of EWG or EDG
4) if strength and number are same look at the distance

48
Q

When determining the strength of a base, look at the _______.
_______ and _______ = weaker base

A

base
EWG
Resonance

49
Q

What is the definition of a lewis acid?

A

an electron acceptor

50
Q

What is the definition of a lewis base?

A

an electron donor

51
Q

What is the acceptable name for lewis base?

A

nucleophile

52
Q

What is the acceptable name for lewis acid?

A

electrophile

53
Q

The curved-arrow formalism: shows the movement of an _______ from the electron donor to the electron acceptor

A

electron

OCHEM (12 decks)

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