Chapter 2 Flashcards
anabolism
process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids
ana-
up
bol
to cast
catabolism
process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released
cata-
down
cell membrane
structure surrounding and protecting the cell, it determines what enters and leaves the cell
chromosomes
rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes. There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells, which contain only 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes
cytoplasm
all of the material that us outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid; chemical found within each chromosome, arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, directs activities of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell, large proteins are made of smaller proteins (amino acids)
genes
regions of DNA within each chromosome
karyotype
picture (classification) of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell, arranged in numeric order to determine number and structure
metabolism
total of chemical processes in a cell, includes canabolism and anabolism
meta-
change
mitochondria
rod-shaped structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy for the cell
catabolism
process that occurs in mitochondria
nucleus
control center of the cell, contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell
ribosomes
small granules on the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell, they arrange amino acids on the ER to make proteins
rib/o
RNA
-somes
bodies
hist/o
tissue
digestive system
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
urinary/excretory system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
respiratory system
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs
reproductive system
female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
male: testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland
endocrine system
thyroid gland, pituitary gland, sex glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and nerve bundles
circulatory system
heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland
musculoskeletal system
muscles, bones, joints
skin and sense organs
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, eyes, ears, nose, and tongue
adipose tissue
collection of fat cells
cartilage
flexible connective tissue often attached to bones and joints, compose parts or ears nose and rings of trachea
epithelial cells
skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs
histologist
specialist in the study of tissues
larynx
voice box (above trachea)
pharynx
throat
pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain
thyroid gland
endocrine gland that surround trachea in the neck
trachea
windpipe
ureter
one of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder
urethra
tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
uterus
womb; the organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops
viscera
internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen
abdominal cavity
space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines; also called the abdomen or peritoneal cavity
cranial cavity
space in the head containing the brain surrounded by the skull
cranial
pertaining to the skull
diaphragm
muscle separating the the abdominal and thoracic cavities, moves up and down and aids in breathing
dorsal (posterior)
pertaining to the back
mediastinum
centrally located space outside of and between the lungs
pelvic cavity
space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs
pelvic
pertaining to the pelvis
peritoneum
double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity
pleura
double folded membrane surrounding each lung
pleural cavity
space between the pleural layers
spinal cavity
space within the spinal column containing the spinal cord
thoracic cavity
space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs
ventral (anterior)
pertaining to the front
hypochondriac region
right and left upper regions beneath the ribs
epigastric region
middle upper region above the stomach
lumbar region
right and left middle regions near the waist
umbilical region
central region near the navel
inguinal (iliac) regions
right and left lower regions near the groin
hypogastric
middle lower region below the umbilical region
RUQ
right upper quadrant
LUQ
left upper quadrant
RLQ
right lower quadrant
LLQ
left lower quadrant
cervical
neck region (C1-C7)
thoracic
chest region (T1-T12)
lumbar region
loin (waist) region (L1-L5)
sacral region
region of the sacrum (S1-S5)
coccygeal region
region of the coccyx (tailbone)
vertebra
single backbone
vertebrae
backbones
spinal column
bone tissue surrounding spinal cavity
spinal cord
nervous tissue within the spinal cavity
disc
pad of cartilage between vertebrae
supine
lying on the back
prone
lying on the belly
