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Clinical Lab Science Lecture > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A study of lab errors showed that 98% of the errors in the diagnostic process occur in-

A

The preanalytical phase

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2
Q

Having recognized the role of preanalytical errors, The Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals has-

A

Several goal areas that have specific applications for clinical labs

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3
Q

2 main areas of patient safety-

A

Communications & mitigating patient risk

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4
Q

3 goal areas by Joint Commission National Patient Safety-

A

-ID patient by using their name & DOB
-improve staff communication to ensure getting important test results to right staff person on time
-prevent infection by using CDC or WHO guidelines

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5
Q

ASCLS Patient Safety Indicators: Preanalytical- (6)

A

-patient identification
-phlebotomy-associated negative events
-specimen integrity
-order entry
-specimen identification
-effective use of the clinical lab

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6
Q

ASCLS Patient Safety Indicators: Analytical-

A

Verification of the accuracy of abnormal results

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7
Q

ASCLS Patient Safety Indicators: Postanalytical- (3)

A

-communication of test results
-effective use of test results
-outcomes of lab testing

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8
Q

The need for clear communication is-

A

Imperative

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9
Q

Avoiding direct communication of an error that harmed a patient is-

A

Unacceptable

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10
Q

Avoidance lowers or removes the urgency for-

A

Quality improvement

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11
Q

Medical euphemisms are commonly used in clinical labs to describe-

A

Medical errors that harm patients

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12
Q

The use of euphemisms is a bad habit thought to be rooted in-

A

The desire to avoid painful, complex quality improvement issues as well as the extra work that improvement strategies create

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13
Q

Taking time to communicate will help-

A

Ensure patient safety

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14
Q

Preparation for information technology outages- (2)

A

-planned outages for updates or upgrades
-unexpectedted failures or impairments with an unknown length of downtime

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15
Q

The initial step toward managing IT downtime is to have a-

A

Clear activation & communications plan with established guidelines for initiating downtime protocols

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16
Q

IT downtime protocols- (5)

A

-share protocols with patient care areas
-a single lab contact creates an organized approach
-focus on reporting critical info
-clear communication throughout is essential
-conduct a critique after the outage

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17
Q

Most lab accidents are preventable by- (3)

A

-exercising good technique
-staying alert
-using common sense

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18
Q

Lab safety includes ___standards & ___ guidelines-

A

-OSHA Standards
-CDC Guidelines

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19
Q

_____ is a safety issue-

A

Ergonomics

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20
Q

Safety Standards & Governing Agencies- (5)

A

-US Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
-Clinical & Lab Standards Institute (CLSI)
-Center for Disease Control (CDC), part of the US Department of Health & Human Services (DHHS), US Public Health Services
-College of American Pathologists (CAP)
-The Joint Commission

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21
Q

Major changes to the standard in 2012 include:

A

-Hazard Classification
-Labels
-Safety Data Sheet

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22
Q

Hazard Classification provides specific criteria to address-

A

health & physical hazards as well classification of chemical mixtures

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23
Q

Chemical manufacturers & imports must provide a label that includes- (4)

A

-signal word
-pictographs
-hazard statement
-precautionary statement for each hazard class & category

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24
Q

SDS information is mostly the same as the MSDS, except the SDSs are required-

A

To be presented in a consistent, user-friendly, 16-section format

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25
The OSHA-mandated program, Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens, requires that labs- (2)
-manage & handle medical waste in a safe & effective manner -develop, implement, & comply with a plan that ensures the protective safety of lab staff to potential infectious bloodborne pathogens
26
All employees who handle hazardous material & waste, must be-
Trained to use & handle these materials
27
Chemical hazard education sessions must be presented to-
New employees & conducted annually for all employees
28
Each lab is required to evaluate the-
Effectiveness of its plan at least annually & to update it as necessary
29
Biohazards denote-
Infectious materials or agents that present a risk or even a potential risk to the health of humans or animals in the lab
30
Risk is defined as-
The probability that a health effect will occur after an individual has been exposed to a specific amount of hazard
31
Bioterrorism agents are divided into categories- (3)
-A -B -C
32
Biosafety is divided into levels- (4)
-1 -2 -3 -4
33
Risk assessment is an important part of-
Biosafety
34
Labs should perform a risk assessment to determine-
If there are certain procedures or specimens that may require higher levels of biocontainment
35
Most frequent routes of lab-acquired infections & accidental inoculation are- (4)
-Inhalation -percutaneous inoculation -contact between mucous membranes & contaminated material -ingestion
36
An occupational exposure is- (6)
-percutaneous injury -contact by mucous membranes or non intact skin with blood -tissues -blood-stained body fluids -body fluids to which Standard Precautions apply -concentrated virus
37
The likelihood of infection after exposure to blood affected with HBV or HIV depends on- (4)
-the concentration of HBV or HIV virus; viral concentration is higher for HBV than for HIV -the duration of contact -the presence of skin lesions or abrasions on the hands or exposed skin of the healthcare worker -the immune status of the healthcare worker for HBV
38
Most exposures do not result in-
Infection
39
Personal protective equipment- (3)
-selection & use of gloves -facial barrier protection & occlusive bandages -lab coats or gowns as barrier protection
40
Disinfection describes a process that-
Eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, or inanimate objects
41
In healthcare settings, objects usually are disinfected by-
Liquid chemicals or wet pasturization, including hypochlorites
42
Disinfecting procudure is used on-
Nondisposable equipment
43
Disposable labware or supplies that have come in contact with blood should be-
Autoclaved or incinerated
44
general infection control safety practices- (4)
-pipetting safeguards: automatic devices -safety manual -sharps safety & needlestick prevention -transport & handling of diagnostic specimens
45
use of the sharps container permits- (2)
-quick disposal of a needle without recapping -safe disposal of other sharp devices that may be contaminated with blood
46
specimens should be transported to the lab in-
plastic leakproof bags
47
protective gloves should always be worn when handling-
any type of biological specimen
48
zika-
within the US as category B biological substances
49
all devices in contact with blood & capable of transmitting infection to the donor/recipient must be-
sterile & nonreusable
50
proper handling of blood & body fluids is critical to-
the accuracy of lab test results
51
the safety of all individuals who come in contact with specimens must be-
guaranteed
52
if blood specimen is to be transported, the shipping container must-
meet OSHA requirements for shipping clinical specimens
53
shipping containers must meet the packaging requirements of- (2)
-major couriers -US department of transportation hazardous materials regulations
54
prevention of disease transmission required immunizations- (6)
-Hep B -influenza -measles -mumps -rubella -varicella
55
prevention of disease transmission optional immunizations- (8)
-hep A -meningococcal disease -pertussis -typhoid -vaccinia -diptheria -pneumococcal disease -tetanus
56
prevention of disease transmission screening tests- (3)
-tuberculosis: purified protein derivative (PPD Mantoux) skin test -rubella -hep B surface antigen
57
prophylaxis, medical follow up, & records of accidental exposure- (3)
-Hep B -Hep C -HIV
58
prevention of disease transmission for tuberculosis control-
respirators or masks
59
prevention of disease transmission for protection from aerosols- (2)
-biosafety cabinets -negative-pressure isolation rooms
60
specific hazardous chemicals- (9)
-sulfuric acid -nitric acid -acetic acid -hydrochloric acid -sodium hydroxide -phenol -carbon tetrachloride -trichloroacetic acid -ethers
61
carcinogens are any substance that causes-
the development of cancerous growths in living tissue
62
when a potentially hazardous solution or chemical is being used, protective equipment for- (5)
-eyes -face -head -extremities -protective clothing or barriers
63
volatile or fuming solutions should be used under-
a fume hood
64
quick action is essential in case of-
accidental contact with a contaminated substance
65
shock or fire can result from-
electrical apparatus
66
OSHA regulations stipulate for grounding electrical equipment-
published in the National Fire Protection Association's National Electrical Code must be met
67
all electrical equipment must be-
underwriters labs approve
68
regular inspection of electrical equipment decreases-
the likelihood of electrical accidents
69
grounding of all electrical equipment is-
essentially
70
any equipment used in an area where organic solvents are present must be equipped with-
explosion-free fittings
71
for fire safety, personnel need to be trained in-
the use of safety equipment & procedures
72
acronym for the use of a fire extinguisher-
PASS: Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep
73
fire classifications- (5)
-A -B -C -D -E
74
fire classification A-
ordinary combustules
75
fire classification B-
flammable liquids & gasses
76
fire classification C-
electrical equipment
77
fire classification D-
powdered metal (combustible) material
78
fire classification E-
cannot be extinguished
79
any broken/cracked labware should be discarded in-
special container for broken glass
80
proper storage of labware-
heavy pieces on lower shelves & tall pieces placed behind smaller pieces
81
OSHA regulations apply to- (3)
-human blood -human infectious waste -human pathologic waste
81
body fluid specimens must be placed in-
well constructed biohazard containers with secure lids to prevent leakage during transport & future disposal
82
plastic bags are appropriate for disposal of-
most infectious waste materials
83
rigid, impermeable containers should be used for disposal of-
sharps & broken labware
84
most labs generate at least 3 major types of waste streams-
-nonregulated waste -regulated medical waste -chemical waste
85
regulated medical waste is divided into 2 groups-
-biohazard waste -biohazard sharps
86
control of infectious. chemical, & radioactive waste is regulated by- (2)
-OSHA -US FDA
87
infectious waste being discarded in proper biohazard containers should be conspicuously marked-
"biohazard" & bear the universal biohazard symbol
88
infectious waste being discarded in proper biohazard containers should display the universal color- (3)
-orange -orange & black -red
89
infectious waste being discarded in proper biohazard containers should be used for- (3)
-blood -certain body fluids -disposable materials contaminated with blood & fluids
90
who regulated radioactive waste disposal?
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission
91
eyewash stations & safety shower equipment need to be within-
100 feet or no more than a 10 second walk from hazardous chemicals
92
the first priority in basic first aid procedures-
removal of accident victim from further injury, followed by definitive action or first aid to victim
93
because many injuries may be extreme & because immediate care is critical with such injuries, all lab personnel must thoroughly understand the application of-
the proper first-aid procedure
94
safety audit incase of heat burns- (3)
-apply cold running water (or ice water) to relieve pain & stop further tissue damage -use a wet dressing of 2 tablespoons of sodium bicarbonate in 1 quart of warm water -apply a bandage securely but not tightly
95
safety audit incase of third degree burns-
consult a physician immediately
96
safety audit incase of serious cuts-(2)
-apply direct pressure to the wound area to control bleeding, using the hand over a clean compress covering the wound -call for a physician immediately
97
safety audit incase of minor cuts- (3)
-wash the wound carefully & thoroughly with soap & water -remove all foreign material that projects from the wound by careful washing, but do not gouge for embedded material -apply a clean bandage if necessary

Clinical Lab Science Lecture (10 decks)

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