Chapter 2 Flashcards
The text that appears after a command name, does not start with a dash (−), and specifies information that the command requires to work properly.
Arguments
In the past, PATA hard disks were referred to as
Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) hard disks or Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
A filesystem that can be used to create fault tolerant volumes much like ZFS. It is currently still in development, but designed as a replacement for ext4.
B-tree Filesystem (BTRFS)
Also known as the Bourne Again Shell, this is the default command-line interface in Linux.
BASH shell
The part of a computer system that contains the programs used to initialize hardware components at boot time.
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
A small partition that is created by the Linux installation program to store information needed to boot the Linux operating system from a GPT hard disk on a computer that does not have a UEFI BIOS.
BIOS Boot Partition
A program that exists on the filesystem and is executed when typed on the command line.
Command
A nonjournaling Linux filesystem.
ext2
A journaling Linux filesystem.
ext3
An improved version of the ext3 filesystem, with an extended feature set and better performance.
ext4
A partition on an MBR-based hard disk or SSD that can be further subdivided into components called logical drives.
Extended partition
The way in which a hard disk drive or SSD partition is formatted to allow data to reside on the physical media; common Linux filesystems include ext2, ext3, ext4, XFS, and VFAT.
Filesystem
The area of a large hard disk (> 2TB) outside a partition that stores partition information. GPTs are used on most modern hard disks and SSDs.
GUID Partition Table (GPT)
A list of hardware components that have been tested and deemed compatible with a given operating system.
Hardware Compatibility List (HCL)
A set of local, easy-to-read command syntax documentation available by typing the info command-line utility.
Info pages
A file that contains the content of a DVD. These images of Linux installation media can be downloaded from the Internet.
ISO image
A filesystem function that keeps track of the information that needs to be written to the hard disk or SSD in a journal; common Linux journaling filesystems include ext3, ext4, and XFS.
Journaling
Linux installation media that provides a fully functional Linux operating system in RAM prior to installation on permanent storage.
Live media
The smaller partitions contained within an extended partition on an MBR-based hard disk or SSD.
Logical drivers
A set of software components within Linux that can be used to manage the storage of information across several hard disks on a Linux system.
Logical Volume Manager (LVM)
The most common set of local command syntax documentation, available by typing the man command-line utility. Also known as man pages.
Manual pages
The area of a typical hard disk (< 2TB) outside a partition that stores partition information.
Master Boot Record (MBR)
A common RAM-checking utility.
memtest86
The key combinations that have special meaning in the Linux operating system.
Metacharacters
A major section of an NVMe SSD that can be partitioned.
Namespace
A modern SSDs technology that allows for very fast data transfer directly to the PCIe bus on the computer.
Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe)
The specific letters that start with a dash (-) or two and appear after the command name to alter the way the command works.
Options
A legacy hard disk technology that uses ribbon cables to typically attach up to four hard disk devices to a single computer.
Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)
A physical division of a hard disk or SSD.
Partitions
The separate divisions into which an MBR-based hard disk or SSD can be divided (up to four are allowed per hard disk).
Primary partitions
A type of storage that can be used to combine hard disks together for performance and/or fault tolerance.
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
A technology that allows for fast data transfer along a serial cable for hard disks and SSDs. It is commonly used in newer workstation and server-class computers.
Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)
A high-performance SCSI technology that is commonly used for hard disks and SSDs in modern server-class computers.
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)
A user interface that accepts input from the user and passes the input to the kernel for processing.
Shell
A high-performance hard disk technology that is commonly used in legacy server-class computers.
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
A type of disk drive that functions within a computer like a hard disk drive but instead uses fast flash memory chips to store data.
Solid-State Drive (SSD)
The channel that allows a certain user to log in and communicate with the kernel via a user interface. It is also the name of the graphical application that is used to obtain a BASH shell within the macOS desktop.
Terminal
A small partition that is created by an operating system installation program to store boot-related files on a computer that has a UEFI BIOS.
UEFI System Partition
A feature-rich BIOS replacement used in modern computers.
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)
A non journaling filesystem that might be used in Linux.
VFAT (Virtual File Allocation Table)
An area on a hard disk or SSD (swap partition) that can be used to store information that normally resides in physical memory (RAM), if the physical memory is being used excessively.
Virtual memory (also known as swap memory)
Each operating system that is run within virtualization software is called
Virtual machine
An operating system that runs virtualization software.
Virtual machine host
A set of programs that can be used to concurrently run an operating system within another operating system.
Virtualization software
A high-performance journaling filesystem used in Linux.
XFS
Primary master PATA hard disk
hda
Primary master PATA hard disk
hdb
Secondary master PATA hard disk
hdc
Secondary slave PATA hard disk
hdd
Clears the terminal screen
clear
Resets your terminal to use default terminal settings
reset
Displays currently logged-in users
who
Displays currently logged-in users and their tasks
w
Displays your login name
whoami
Displays the numbers associated with your user account name and group names; these are commonly referred to as User IDs (UIDs) and Group IDs (GIDs)
id
Displays the current date and time
date
Displays the calendar for the current month
cal
Displays system information
uname -a
Lists files
ls
Exits out of your current shell
exit
Shell variable
$
Shell variable
~
Shell script comment
#
Background command execution
&
Command termination
;
Input/Output redirection
< «_space;>»_space;
Command piping
|
Shell wildcards
- ? [ ]
Metacharacter quotes
’ “ \
Command substitution
`
Command grouping
( ) { }
Powers off your system in four minutes
shutdown –P +4
Halts the operating system from executing in four minutes, but does not invoke the ACPI function in your BIOS to turn off power to your computer
shutdown –H +4
Reboots your system in four minutes
shutdown –r +4
Powers off your system immediately
shutdown –P now
Reboots your system immediately
shutdown –r now
Cancels a scheduled shutdown
shutdown –c
Halts your system immediately, but does not power it off
halt
Powers off your system immediately
poweroff
Reboots your system immediately
reboot
