chapter 2

Question 1

psychological development

Answer 1

individuals change in functioning, lifelong growth across emotional cognitive, social domains. the domains interconnected and depend on one another.

Question 2

cognitive development

Answer 2

change in thought processes, ability to comprehend, organise info from external and internal environments. Eg. learn second lang, learn times tables, understand other ppl have diff perspectives.

Question 3

emotional development

Answer 3

continuous lifelong changes in skill to control, express, recognise emotions. eg. express anger, recognise your own emotions, understand how others around you feel

Question 4

social development

Answer 4

lifelong changes in skills to effectively and appropriately interact with others. eg. coversations, communicate with work colleagues.

Question 5

hereditary factors

Answer 5

genetically passed down from biological parents

Question 6

environmental factors

Answer 6

arise from physical and social surroundings

Question 7

genetic predisposition

Answer 7

increased likelihood to develop certain traits including diseases if certain conditions are met

Question 8

nature

Answer 8

development directly caused by hereditary factors.

Question 9

nurture

Answer 9

environment, experiences, geography, social circle difined development

Question 10

nature vs nature

Answer 10

debate between two schools of thought. current research proves development relies on both.

Question 11

biosychosocial model

Answer 11

framework for understanding human experience influenced from biological, psychological and social factors.

Question 12

biological factors

Answer 12

internal genetic/ physiologically based factors. genetic or come later in life. eg. genetic predispositions, medications/ substances, nutrition, sleep, diseases and immune system, hormones.

Question 13

psychological factors

Answer 13

internal factors, mental processes, cognition, thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, experiences within own mind.

Question 14

social factors

Answer 14

external factors interactions with others and environment. eg. relationships, attachment style, cultural norms, socioeconomic status, family environment, social support

Question 15

mental wellbeing

Answer 15

individuals current psychological state, ability to think, process info, regulate emotions.

Question 16

factors influencing mental wellbeing

Answer 16

diet/ lifestyle, stress, trauma/ grief

Question 17

factors effecting psychological development

Answer 17

bio-hormones/ puberty, genetic predispositions, plasticicty. Social- education, peer group, socioeconomic status, family life. Psych-self-esteem, coping skills, beleifs, thoughts, attitudes,

Question 18

similarity and difference between nature vs nurture and biosychosocial model.

Answer 18

similarity is both have factors that influence and interact with each other, difference is nature vs nurture is used to identify origins of developmental outcomes, the biopsychococial framework is interdisciplinary and can be applied to multiple areas of the human experiennce.

Question 19

developmental periods across lifespan

Answer 19

0-12-infancy
1-3-toddlerhood
3-12-childhood
12-19-adolescence
19-35-young adulthood
35-65-middle adulthood
65+late adulthood

Question 20

attachment

Answer 20

long lasting bond between two inividuals

Question 21

secure attachments

Answer 21

needs of infant being constantly met by primary caregiver. develop: sense of trust, feeling valued, feeling secure expressing emotions.

Question 22

insecure- avoidant attachment

Answer 22

infant avoid or reluctant to receive contact from primary caregiver due to needs not being met. craving or rejecting affection, anxiety, inability to appropriately express emotions.

Question 23

insecure-anxious (resistant) attachment

Answer 23

infant fluctuates between clinging and rejecting primary caregiver, due to caregiver inconsistently meeting needs.

Question 24

emotional development theory

Answer 24

attachment style

Question 25

cognitive development theory

Answer 25

Piaget’s theory-Small Pigs Can Fly
0-2-sensorimotor
2-7-preoperational
7-12-concrete operational
12+formal operational

Question 26

0-2 years, cognitive development

Answer 26

sensorimotor- object permanence, goal directed behaviour

Question 27

2-7 years, cognitive development

Answer 27

preoperational- overcome egocentrism, overcome centration, learn reversibility

Question 28

12+ years, cognitive development

Answer 28

formal operational, produce abstract thought, use reason and logic

Question 29

7-12 years, cognitive development

Answer 29

concrete operational, understand conservation, classification, simple mental operations eg. addition, subtraction.

Question 30

social development theory

Answer 30

erik erikson’s crisis across the lifespan

Question 31

maturation

Answer 31

biologically programmed process of growth that has a fixed sequence and facilitates all apsects of our development as we grow.

Question 32

plasticicty

Answer 32

brains ability to physically change shape in repsonse to experience and learning

Question 33

critical period

Answer 33

-skills must be learnt
-start and finish suddenly
-need to learn first language in order to learn it all

Question 34

sensitive period

Answer 34

-certain skills are easiest to learn, however can still be developed at a later time
-start and finish more gradually than critical period
-acquisition of a second language