chapter 2 Flashcards
psychological development
individuals change in functioning, lifelong growth across emotional cognitive, social domains. the domains interconnected and depend on one another.
cognitive development
change in thought processes, ability to comprehend, organise info from external and internal environments. Eg. learn second lang, learn times tables, understand other ppl have diff perspectives.
emotional development
continuous lifelong changes in skill to control, express, recognise emotions. eg. express anger, recognise your own emotions, understand how others around you feel
social development
lifelong changes in skills to effectively and appropriately interact with others. eg. coversations, communicate with work colleagues.
hereditary factors
genetically passed down from biological parents
environmental factors
arise from physical and social surroundings
genetic predisposition
increased likelihood to develop certain traits including diseases if certain conditions are met
nature
development directly caused by hereditary factors.
nurture
environment, experiences, geography, social circle difined development
nature vs nature
debate between two schools of thought. current research proves development relies on both.
biosychosocial model
framework for understanding human experience influenced from biological, psychological and social factors.
biological factors
internal genetic/ physiologically based factors. genetic or come later in life. eg. genetic predispositions, medications/ substances, nutrition, sleep, diseases and immune system, hormones.
psychological factors
internal factors, mental processes, cognition, thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, experiences within own mind.
social factors
external factors interactions with others and environment. eg. relationships, attachment style, cultural norms, socioeconomic status, family environment, social support
mental wellbeing
individuals current psychological state, ability to think, process info, regulate emotions.
factors influencing mental wellbeing
diet/ lifestyle, stress, trauma/ grief
factors effecting psychological development
bio-hormones/ puberty, genetic predispositions, plasticicty. Social- education, peer group, socioeconomic status, family life. Psych-self-esteem, coping skills, beleifs, thoughts, attitudes,
similarity and difference between nature vs nurture and biosychosocial model.
similarity is both have factors that influence and interact with each other, difference is nature vs nurture is used to identify origins of developmental outcomes, the biopsychococial framework is interdisciplinary and can be applied to multiple areas of the human experiennce.
developmental periods across lifespan
0-12-infancy
1-3-toddlerhood
3-12-childhood
12-19-adolescence
19-35-young adulthood
35-65-middle adulthood
65+late adulthood
attachment
long lasting bond between two inividuals
secure attachments
needs of infant being constantly met by primary caregiver. develop: sense of trust, feeling valued, feeling secure expressing emotions.
insecure- avoidant attachment
infant avoid or reluctant to receive contact from primary caregiver due to needs not being met. craving or rejecting affection, anxiety, inability to appropriately express emotions.
insecure-anxious (resistant) attachment
infant fluctuates between clinging and rejecting primary caregiver, due to caregiver inconsistently meeting needs.
emotional development theory
attachment style
cognitive development theory
Piaget’s theory-Small Pigs Can Fly
0-2-sensorimotor
2-7-preoperational
7-12-concrete operational
12+formal operational
0-2 years, cognitive development
sensorimotor- object permanence, goal directed behaviour
2-7 years, cognitive development
preoperational- overcome egocentrism, overcome centration, learn reversibility
12+ years, cognitive development
formal operational, produce abstract thought, use reason and logic
7-12 years, cognitive development
concrete operational, understand conservation, classification, simple mental operations eg. addition, subtraction.
social development theory
erik erikson’s crisis across the lifespan
maturation
biologically programmed process of growth that has a fixed sequence and facilitates all apsects of our development as we grow.
plasticicty
brains ability to physically change shape in repsonse to experience and learning
critical period
-skills must be learnt
-start and finish suddenly
-need to learn first language in order to learn it all
sensitive period
-certain skills are easiest to learn, however can still be developed at a later time
-start and finish more gradually than critical period
-acquisition of a second language
