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Psychology Unit 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

1.2.1 Nature Nurture debate

What is the Nurture argument?

A

Environmental factors influence induviduals development outcomes, everyone is born with a ‘blank slate’ and experiences shape who we become.

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2
Q

1.2.1 Nature Nurture debate

What is the Nature argument?

A

The development of induviduals is influenced by genetic makeup determining who they will become and characteristics held from birth

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3
Q

1.2.1 Nature Nurture debate

What is the interaction between Nature and Nurture?

A

Involves a continual relationship between an induviduals environment and their hereditory factors.
Nature provide the predisposiontion for trait to be developed and nurture fulfils an induvidual potential by providing situations and conditions.

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4
Q

1.2.2 The BPS Model

What are Psychological factors?

A

*self-esteem
*coping skills
*past experiences
*atitudes
*beliefs
*thoughts

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5
Q

1.2.2 The BPS Model

What are Biological factors?

A

*hormones
*genetic predisposition
*brain changes (learning)

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6
Q

1.2.2 The BPS Model

What are social factors?

A

*education
*peer group
*socioeconomic status
*family life
*romantic life

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7
Q

1.2.2 The BPS Model

What are bio-social factors?

A

*diet
*lifestyle
*physical activity

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8
Q

1.2.2 The BPS Model

What are bio-psycho factors?

A

*stress

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9
Q

1.2.2 The BPS Model

What are psycho-social factors?

A

*Trauma
*Grief

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10
Q

1.2.3 Developmental Norms

What is emotional development?

Emotional development

A

Emotional development refers to the continuous, lifelong development of skills that allow
individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way.

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11
Q

1.2.3 Developmental Norms

Explain the two types of emotional attachment

Emotional development

A

Secure: needs of an infant constantly met by care giver
Insecure: needs of an infant constanly being ignored by care givers

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12
Q

1.2.3 Developmental Norms

What are the emotional developmental periods?

Emotional development

A

Infancy>Childhood>Adolecence>Young adulthood>Middle Adulthood>Late Adulthood

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13
Q

1.2.3 Developmental Norms

What is an exapmle of a case study/experiment refering to emotional development?

Emotional development

A

The Ainsworth Experiment

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14
Q

1.2.3 Developmental Norms

What is Cognitive development?

Cognitive Development

A

Cognitive development refers to the
continuous, lifelong development of the ability to think, comprehend, and organise information
from the internal and external environment.

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15
Q

1.2.3 Developmental Norms

What are the cognitive developmental periods? (4) (Piaget theory)
And what are the milestones of each?

cognitive develpoment

A

Sensory motor stage 0-2 (discovering relationships, bodies, environments/ goal directed behaviours) > pre-operational stage 2-7 (start to wonder why/egosentric) > concrete operational stage 7-12 (mastering the use of logic) > formal operational stage 12+ (ability to understand complex theories and abstract ideas)

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16
Q

1.2.3 Developmental Norms

What is social development?

social develpment

A

Social development is the continuous, lifelong development of certain skills, attitudes, relationships, and behaviours
that enable an individual to interact with others and to function as a member of society

17
Q

1.2.3 Developmental Norms

What are the social devlopment periods? (8)
Ans what sre the milestones for each?

social development

A

1 - trust vs mistrust (0-12 months)
2 - Autonomy (do things induvidually) vs shame/self-doubt (1-3 yrs)
3 - initiative vs guilt (3-5 yrs)
4 - industry (if praised in school) vs interiorty (if inable to acheive goals/keep up w/ peers) (5-12 yrs)
5 - identity vs role confustion (12 -18 yrs)
6 - intinmicy vs isolation (18 - 25 yrs)
7 - generativity vs stagnation (sense of ‘sameness’ in life) (25 - 65 yrs)
8 - integrity (satisfaction w/ life) vs despair (65+)

18
Q

1.2.3 Developmental Norms

What is psychological develpoment?

psychological develpoment

A

Psychological development an individual’s changes in functioning across multiple domains, including the lifelong growth across emotional, cognitive, and social domains

19
Q

1.2.4 Ainsworth Experiment

What is the Ainsworth experiment?

Emotional development

A

The Ainsworth “Strange Situation” experiment assesses attachment styles in children by observing their reactions to separations and reunions with their caregiver in a controlled setting

20
Q

What conclusions does the Ainsworth experiment draw?
What critism can be added?

Emotional developmemt

A

there are distinct attachment styles in young children: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-ambivalent.
These attachment styles reflect the nature of the caregiver-child relationship and have implications for the child’s emotional and social development.

21
Q

1.2.5 Piaget Theory

What is the Piaget theory?

Cognitive devlopment

To remember Piaget’s stages of cognitive development in the correct order you can think of the acrostic Small Pigs Can Fly.
S - ensorimotor stage
P - reoperational stage
C - oncrete operational stage
F - ormal operational stage

A

Piaget’s theory outlines four distinct stages of cognitive development, during which certain cognitive skills and abilities should be developed in order to achieve normal levels of cognitive functioning in adulthood.

22
Q

1.2.5 Piaget Theory

What are the piaget theory assumptions?

Cognitive development

A

According to this theory, children are expected to all progress through these stages following the same timeline, with no variation between individuals.

23
Q

1.2.5 Piaget Theory

What critisim does the piaget theory offer?

Cognitive Development

A

Piaget’s theory has some shortcomings, including overestimating the ability of adolescence and underestimating infant’s capacity.

24
Q

1.2.6 Erikson psychological theory

What is the Erikson theory?

psycho-social developmet

A

Erikson’s theory emphasises the interaction between social and psychological
influences on development across the lifespan.
It outlines eight separate stages
of development which occur throughout the entire lifespan, at each of these stages, it’s proposed that the individual faces a psychological crisis, which is a tension point arising when there is conflict between an individual’s capabilities and personal desires, and the desire to meet the expectations of society.

25
Q

1.2.6 Erikson psychological theory

Elaborate on Stage 1 - trust vs mistrust (0-12 months)

social development

A

In this stage, infants are completely dependent on their caregivers.
If an infant is surrounded by reliable caregivers who consistently respond to
and meet their needs, they will likely develop a sense of trust.
This trust will help with the development of trusting relationships in adulthood.
If caregivers are unresponsive to an infant’s needs, the infant may develop a sense of
mistrust.
This lack of trust may eventuate into paranoia, fear, and a lack of safety in adult
relationships.

26
Q

1.2.6 Erikson psychological theory

Elaborate on stage 5 - Industry vs. Inferiority (12 - 15 yrs)

social development

A

At the beginning of this stage, children
start to be measured on their performance in multiple aspects of life. For example academic performance at school.
Children will compare their own performance to the performance of others.
If children feel proud of their performances, they will develop a sense of
industry, in which they will hold the belief that they are competent.
This is usually as a result of caregivers providing encouragement to children.
If children feel inadequate when comparing themselves to others they will develop
a heightened sense of inferiority.
Children may also lack encouragement from caregivers to exert effort and
achieve goals, further leading to a sense of inferiority as they may lack a sense of
capability to perform well.

27
Q

1.2.6 Erikson psychological theory

Elaborate on stage 8 - integrity vs despair (65+ yrs)

social development

A

The final stage ranges from the mid-sixties until the end of life. This stage involves
reflecting on your life and evaluating whether you have succeeded and achieved
your goals.
If an individual experiences satisfaction with their achievements, this is called
integrity. It involves looking back on the past with acceptance and pride.
For those who look back on their life with regrets and a lack of pride, there will be
an experience of despair.
This is due to the sense that they did not accomplish what they should have,
leading to a sense of bitterness.

Psychology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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