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Psychology Unit 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

1.1.1 Emprical Evidence

What is empirical Evidence?

A

Information obtained through direct
systematic observations or experiments

Psychology (science) relies on emprical evidence and produces it

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2
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

What are the features of science?

A
  • an objective aim
  • self-correcting field
  • produces explanatory claims that are provisional (updatable at a later time), testable, and reliable
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3
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

Define non-science

A
  • non-objective
  • ideas formed w/o empirical evidence or scientific principles
  • imprecise or vague imformation
  • dogmatic (not open to questioning)
  • unverifiable
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4
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

Define scientific ideas

A
  • aim to be objective
  • utilise and produce empirical evidence
  • are formed using the methods of science
  • use predictions, models, and theories that are provisional and verifiable to explain reality
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5
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

What is the scientific method?

A

a procedure used to obtain knowledge that involves
* hypothesis formulation
* testing
* retesting
through processes of experimentation/observation/measurement/recording

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6
Q

1.1.2 Participant ethics in research

List factors associated with the importance of participant ethics in research: (5)

A
  • Protecting Participants’ Rights and Well-Being
  • Informed Consent
  • Legal Compliance
  • Reliability of Research
  • Social Responsibility
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7
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

Define a theory

A

A theory is a set of principles that is used to explain something or make predictions about
relationships between concepts.

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8
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

State a theories main functions: (2)

A
  • To Explain
  • To Predict
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9
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

What is a theory informed by?

A

Scientific research or logic

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10
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

An example of a theory in psychology

A

Behaviourism; the theory that behaviour is learnt through interaction with the environment.

answers many vary

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11
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

Define a model

A

A model is a representation of a concept, process, or behaviour, often made to simplify or make
something easier to understand

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12
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

State the main functions of a model (2)

A
  • to simplify
  • to represent
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13
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

What are models informed by?

A

Scientific theories and ideas

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14
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

What’s an example of a model in psychology?

A

The multi-store model of memory, posits that we have a sensory, short-term, and a long-term
memory ‘store’.

answers may vary

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15
Q

1.1.4 Hypothesis

What is a hypothesis

A

A testable prediction about the outcome of an investigation

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16
Q

1.1.5 Write a hypothesis

What should a hypothesis include? (3)

A
  • variables
  • population
  • prediction
17
Q

1.1.6 Idependant and dependant Variable

Define the independant and dependant variables

A
  • Independent variable (IV) = MANIPULATED
    The variable for which
    quantities are manipulated
    (controlled, selected,
    or changed) by the
    researcher, and the
    variable that is assumed
    to have a direct effect on the dependant variable
  • Dependent variable (DV) = MEASURED
    The variable the researcher
    measures in an experiment
    for changes it may
    experience due to the
    effect of the independent
    variable
18
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

What is a controlled experiment?

A

Controlled experiment a type of investigation
in which the causal relationship between two
variables is tested in a controlled environment

more specifically, the effect of the independent
variable on the dependent variable is tested while
aiming to control all other variables

19
Q

1.1.6 Idependant and dependant Variable

Identify the IDV and DV from this passage :

It was hypothesised that Australian females aged 12–16 who experienced partial sleep deprivation were more likely to experience low mood than
those who did not experience partial sleep deprivation.

A

* IDV: partial sleep deprivation/no
partial sleep deprivation. This is because it is something that is manipulated by a researcher (e.g. total hours of sleep deprivation) to see its effect.
* DV: mood levels. This is because it is what
is being impacted by the IV (sleep deprivation) and is measured (e.g. through scores on a self-rated mood scale).

20
Q

1.1.6 Idependant and dependant Variables

Identify the IDV and DV in this passage

It was hypothesised that high school students who had high quality sleep would perform better on tests of concentration than those who did not have high quality sleep.

A
  • **IDV: quality of sleep. ** This is because it is
    something that is manipulated by a researcher (e.g. total hours of uninterrupted deep sleep) to see its effect.
    *** DV: performance on tests of concentration. ** This is because it is what is being impacted by the IV (high quality sleep) and is measured (e.g. through test scores).
21
Q

1.1.6 Idependant and Dependant Variables

Define Operationalising Variables

A

Refers to specifying exactly how the variables will be manipulated/measured in a particular controlled experiment.

22
Q

1.1.6 Idependant and dependant Variable

What is a controlled experiment

A

Variables (other than the IV) that a researcher holds constant contol of in an investigation (controlled environmnent), to ensure that changes in the DV are solely due to changes in the IDV

23
Q

1.1.3 Types of Research

What is a case study?

A

an investigation of an individual or group, that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities that would be encountered in the real world

24
Q

1.1.3 Types of research studies

What is a Correlation Study?

A

a type of non-experimental study in which researchers observe and measure the
relationship between two or more variables without any active control or manipulation of them

25
Q

1.1.7 Qualitive and Quantitive Data

Define Quantitive Data

A

data that is expressed
numerically

26
Q

1.1.7 Qualitive and Quantitive Data

Give an example of Quantitive Date

A
  • test scores or measurements
27
Q

1.1.7 Qualitive and Quantitive Data

Define Qualitive Data

A

data that is expressed
non-numerically

28
Q

1.1.7 Qualitive and Quantitive Data

Give an example of Qualitive Data

A
  • verbal description
29
Q

1.1.9 Objuctive and Subjunctive Data

What is Objunctive data?

A

Objective data is factual data that is observed and measured independently of personal opinion

30
Q

1.1.9 Objuctive and Subjunctive Data

Give an example of Objuctive Data

A
  • a person’s weight in kilograms
  • their numerical scores on an intelligence test
31
Q

1.1.9 Objuctive and Subjunctive Data

What is Subjuctive Data?

A

Subjective data data that is informed by personal
opinion, perception, or interpretation

32
Q

1.1.10 Validity and Reliablity in research

What is external validity?

A

External validity is the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings. This different setting could be a different time or a different environment.

33
Q

1.1.9 Objuctive and Subjunctive Data

Give an example of Subjuctive Data

A
  • participants’ own qualitative descriptions
  • self-reports
34
Q

1.1.10 Validity and Reliablity in research

What is Validity?

A

Validity refers to the extent to which psychological tools and investigations truly support
their findings or conclusions

35
Q

1.1.10 Validity and Reliablity in research

What it internal Validity?

A

Internal validity is the extent to which an investigation truly measures or investigates what it
claims to

36
Q

1.12 The placebo effect

What is the placebo effect?

A

A phenomenon that occurs when a sham medical intervention causes improvement in a patient’s condition

37
Q

placebo effect?????

A

Psychology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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