chapter 2 Flashcards
The bony thorax consists of the (5)
sternum, 2 clavicles, 2 scapula, 12 pairs of ribs, and 12 thoracic vertebrae
The 2 important bony landmarks of the thorax that are used for locating the CR on a PA and AP chest projections are the:
vertebrae prominens and the jugular notch
The 4 divisions of the respiratory system are:
pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
What is the name of the structure that acts as a lid over the larynx to prevent foreign objects such as food particles from entering the respiratory system?
epiglottis
The trachea is located ______ to the esophagus
anteriorly
The _____ bone is seen in the anterior portion of the neck and is found just below the tongue or floor of the mouth.
hyoid
If a person accidentally inhales a food particle, which bronchus is it most likely to enter?
the right bronchus
What is the name of the prominence, or ridge, seen when looking down into the bronchus where it divides into the right and left bronchi?
carina at the level of T4-T5
What is the term for the small air sacs located at the distal ends of the bronchioles?
alveoli
The delicate, double-walled sac or membrane that contains the lungs is called the:
pleura
The outer layer of this membrane adhering to the inner surface of the chest wall and diaphram is the:
parietal pleura
The inner layer adhering to the surface of the lung is the:
pulmonary or visceral pleura
What are the 4 important structures located in the mediastinum?
thymus gland, heart and great vessels, trachea, and esophagus
The heart is enclosed in a double-walled membrane called the:
pericardium
The 3 parts of the aorta are the:
ascending, arch, and descending aorta
Which type of body habitus is associated with a broad and deep thorax?
hypersthenic
Which of the following types of body habitus may cause the costophrenic angles to be cut off if careful vertical collimation is not used?
hyposthenic and asthenic
Chest radiograpy for the adult patient usually uses a kilovoltage range of:
110 to 125 kvp
Describe the way optimum brightness of the lungs and mediastinal structures can be determined on a PA chest radiograph:
should be able to see faint outlines of at least middle and upper vertebrae and ribs through heart and other mediastinal structures
What is another term for “visceral inversion”?
situs inversus
What device should be used for a PA and lateral chest radiograph of an infant?
Pigg-O-Stat
What exposure factor is recommended for a chest examination of a pediatric patient?
70 to 85 kvp, short exposure time
To ensure better lung inspiration during chest radiography, exposure should be made during the ______ inspiration
2nd
What are 4 possible pathologic conditions that suggest the need for inspiration and expiration PA chest radiographs:
small pneumothorax, fixation, prescence of a foreign body, distinguishing between opacity in rib or lung
What positioning tip would help prevent the patient’s chin and neck from being superimposed over the upper airway and apices of the lungs for a PA chest radiograph?
extend the neck upward
The traditional CR centering technique for the chest is to place the top of the IR ______ inches above the shoulders
1/2 to 2
Which of the following bony landmarks is palpated for centering of the AP chest projection?
jugular notch
What is one of the most common inherited diseases?
Cystic fibrosis
What condition is most frequently associated with congestive heart failure?
pulmonary edema
What is the medical term for shortness of breath?
dyspnea
The accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity is termed:
empyema
What is the medical term for irreversible dilation of bronchioles?
bronchiectasis
What is the most common form of emphysema?
COPD
What is the term for inflammation of the pleura?
pleurisy
What is a common radiographic sign seen on a chest radioraph for a patient with respiratory distress syndrome?
air bronchoram sign
What are some pathologic conditions that might need an exposure factor increase?
left lung atelectasis, severe pulmonary edema, RDS, Secondary tuberculosis
Would advanced emphysema have an increased or decreased exposure factor?
decreased
What chest projection/position is recommended to detect calcifications or cavitation within the upper lung region beneath the clavicles?
AP lordotic
What is the name of the condition characterized by fluid entering the pleural cavity?
pleural effusion
What position would be used if a patient can’t stand and there is fluid in the left lung?
left lateral decubitus
What position would be used if a patient can’t stand but there is air in the left pleural cavity?
right lateral decubitus
What anterior projection would best elongate the left thorax?
RAO
What posterior projection would best elongate the left thorax?
LPO
Where is the CR placed for a lateral projection of the upper airway?
level of C6-C7 midway between thyroid cartilage and jugular notch
A radiograph of a PA projection of the chest demonstrates only 7 posterior ribs above the diaphram. What caused this problem?
the lungs are underinflated
Situation: A patient with a history of pleurisy comes to the radiology department. Which of the following radiographic series should be performed?
erect PA and lateral
Situation: A patient with a possible neoplasm in the right lung apex comes to the radiology department for a chest examination. The PA and lateral projections do not clearly demonstrate the neoplasm because of superimposition of the clavicle over the apex. The patient is unable to stand or sit erect. Which additional projection can be taken to demonstrate the neoplasm clearly and to eliminate the superimposition of the clavicle and the left lung apex?
AP semiaxial projection; CR angled 15 to 20 degrees cephalad
Situation: PA and left lateral projections demonstrate a suspicious region in the left lung. The radiologist orders an oblique projection that will best demonstrate or “elongate” the left thorax. Which specific oblique projections will best elongate the left thorax?
LPO and RAO
