Chapter 2 Flashcards
A study that looks into the fascinating ways on how individual organisms interact with their environment.
Organism Level
Series of stages/history in the life of an individual organism from birth to reproduction and death.
Life Cycle
Enumerate the three types of adaptations
Morphological
Physiological
Behavioral
Identify the type of adaptation: structural change in the organisms form
Morphological
Examples of morphological adaptation
Fennec fox ears - big ears to dissipate heat since they live on deserts
Polar bear fur - fur to adapt to the cold weather
Owl eyes - have night vision
Phototropism in plants - its growth follows the direction of the sunlight
Venus flytrap - once the hairs inside the plant are triggered, it traps insects
Mangrove tree aerial roots - it can survive with or without water
Eagle beaks - thick and sharp to tear apart food into bite-sized pieces
Crab claws - for defense
Flamingos legs - to wade into much deeper water
Identify the type of adaptation: internal, biochemical or metabolic processes that regulate and maintain homeostasis and survival.
Physiological
Examples of physiological adaptation
Estivation in turtles - bury itself in the sand to conserve its water
Hibernation of hedgehogs - lessen activity to conserve energy
Camouflage in chameleon - mimic its surrounding environment
Mimicry in snakes and butterfly - mimic the organism they want to follow
Antifreeze proteins on arctic fish - even if the ocean is frozen, they can still survive and swim around in the inner region
Skunk releasing toxic chemicals - used against predators
Calluses in human hands - if exposed in doing the same thing over again
Tan skin in humans - too much sunbathing
Respiration in plants - folded during hot season to conserve its water
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plants
Organisms active during the night
Nocturnal
Organisms active during the day
Diurnal
Identify the type of adaptation: changes in the organism behavior used to survive in an environment
Behavioral
A type of behavioral adaptation that is getting used to a stimulus after repeated exposure or habit.
Habituation
Example of habituation
Dolphins on boat engines - got used to the boats and even interacts with it
Watering plants - will find its way to source its own water even if not watered
A type of behavioral adaptation that is getting allergic or irritated to stimulus if exposed
Sensitization
Example of sensitization
Light sensitivity - if the lights were turned on while you’re asleep
Allergic reactions - if irritated by a stimulus, one would react like through sneezing
A type of behavioral adaptation that is having the ability to distinguish one’s mother from other females
Imprinting
Examples of imprinting
Imprinting in ducks - child could still distinguish the parents
Imprinting in humans - child could still distinguish the parents
A type of behavioral adaptation wherein individuals learn from observing from their environment
Observational Behavior
Examples of observational behavior
Monkeys drinking - observed from humans
Crows using a vending machine - Joshua Klein
A type of behavioral adaptation: mechanisms that help regulate internal body temperature by doing less activity to conserve energy
Hibernation
A type of behavioral adaptation: a pattern of behavior in which animals travel from one habitat to another in search of food, better conditions, or reproductive needs
Migration
Examples of Migration
Birds during typhoon can migrate to another place then move back once the weather improved
Salmon can migrate to freshwater of rivers and can also go back to the ocean
A type of behavioral adaptation: natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and other biological functions
Circadian Rhythms
A type of behavioral adaptation: an automatic physiological reaction to an event that is perceived as stressful , danger, or frightening
Fight or Flight Response
A type of behavioral adaptation: these are signals that animals use to communicate to predators
Predator Warning
The total number of individual of the same species or group in a particular area and time, and are capable of reproduction
Population Level
The number of population / total area of land
Population Density
Describes how spread out/ arrangement a population is in an area at a specific time
Spatial Distribution
Enumerate the three types of spatial distribution
Random
Clumped
Uniform
How old the population is
Age Structure
The births and deaths
Natality and Mortality
The number of males and females in the population
Sex Ratio
What are the types of Population Pyramid?
Expanding
Contracting
Stationary
Formula for Population Size`
[birth + immigration] - [death + emigration]
What term describes going out of the population?
Emigration
What term describes going in the population?
Immigration
What are the two growth models?
Exponential growth model
Logistic growth model
What growth model is: Growth rate is constant and proportional to the current size of the population or quantity
Exponential Growth Model
What growth model is: the rate of growth slows down as the population approaches the limit/carrying capacity (maximum number of individuals an area or resource can sustain)
Logistic Growth Model
Series of populations of different species interacting all together with the abiotic components on an area at the same time.
Community Level
Enumerate the three community interactions
Predation
Competition
Symbiosis
A type of community interaction where one organism (the predator) hunts, kills, captures, and consumes another organism (the prey)
Predation
What are the types of competition and specify their differences
Intraspecific Competition - between same species
Interspecific Competition - among different species
A type of community interaction that is close and long-term biological interaction between two different species
Symbiosis
A type of symbiosis: one benefits (parasite) and the other is hurt/harmed (host)
Parasitism
A type of symbiosis: one benefits/gains (commensal) and the other one is not affected/harmed (host)
Commensalism
A type of symbiosis: both organisms benefit
Mutualism
All living organisms (biotic) within an ecosystem and their interactions with the nonliving elements (abiotic) like sunlight, water, and soil.
Ecosystem Level
A graphical representation that illustrates how energy from the sun is being transferred to one organism to the other.
Energy Flow
A graphical representation that shows the amount of biomass or bioproductivity at each trophic level in an ecosystem
Ecological Pyramid
A graphical representation that shows the number of organism in each trophic levels
Pyramid of Numbers
A representation that shows the total biomass of a living organisms at each trophic level
Pyramid of Biomass
A graphical representation that shows the total amount of energy transferred by living organisms at each trophic level. (10% rule)
Pyramid of Energy
A place where all forms of life are found
Biosphere
Basic elements of life
CHNOPS
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen
phosphorus
sulfur
Water Cycle or Hydrologic Cycle
The hydrologic cycle begins with the evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean. As moist air is lifted, it cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds. Moisture is transported around the globe until it returns to the surface as precipitation. Once the water reaches the ground, one of two processes may occur; 1) some of the water may evaporate back into the atmosphere or 2) the water may penetrate the surface and become groundwater. Groundwater either seeps its way into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or is released back into the atmosphere through transpiration. The balance of water that remains on the earth’s surface is runoff, which empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried back to the oceans, where the cycle begins again.
Carbon Cycle
Carbon present in the atmosphere is absorbed by plants for photosynthesis. These plants are then consumed by animals and carbon gets bio accumulated into their bodies. These animals and plants eventually die, and upon decomposing, carbon is released back into the atmosphere. Some of the carbon that is not released back into the atmosphere eventually becomes fossil fuels. These fossil fuels are then used for man-made activities, which pump more carbon back into the atmosphere.
Nitrogen Cycle
A biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the organism and back into the atmosphere.
Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus moves in a cycle through rocks, water, soil and sediments and organisms. Over time, rain and weathering cause rocks to release phosphate ions and other minerals. This inorganic phosphate is then distributed in soils and water. Plants take up inorganic phosphate from the soil.
Sulfur Cycle
The sulfur cycle describes the movement of sulfur through the geosphere and biosphere. Sulfur is released from rocks through weathering, and then assimilated by microbes and plants. It is then passed up the food chain and assimilated by plants and animals, and released when they decompose.
