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People and Earth's Ecosystem > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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People You Should Know flashcards
1
Q

A study that looks into the fascinating ways on how individual organisms interact with their environment.

A

Organism Level

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2
Q

Series of stages/history in the life of an individual organism from birth to reproduction and death.

A

Life Cycle

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3
Q

Enumerate the three types of adaptations

A

Morphological
Physiological
Behavioral

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4
Q

Identify the type of adaptation: structural change in the organisms form

A

Morphological

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5
Q

Examples of morphological adaptation

A

Fennec fox ears - big ears to dissipate heat since they live on deserts

Polar bear fur - fur to adapt to the cold weather

Owl eyes - have night vision

Phototropism in plants - its growth follows the direction of the sunlight

Venus flytrap - once the hairs inside the plant are triggered, it traps insects

Mangrove tree aerial roots - it can survive with or without water

Eagle beaks - thick and sharp to tear apart food into bite-sized pieces

Crab claws - for defense

Flamingos legs - to wade into much deeper water

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6
Q

Identify the type of adaptation: internal, biochemical or metabolic processes that regulate and maintain homeostasis and survival.

A

Physiological

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7
Q

Examples of physiological adaptation

A

Estivation in turtles - bury itself in the sand to conserve its water

Hibernation of hedgehogs - lessen activity to conserve energy

Camouflage in chameleon - mimic its surrounding environment

Mimicry in snakes and butterfly - mimic the organism they want to follow

Antifreeze proteins on arctic fish - even if the ocean is frozen, they can still survive and swim around in the inner region

Skunk releasing toxic chemicals - used against predators

Calluses in human hands - if exposed in doing the same thing over again

Tan skin in humans - too much sunbathing

Respiration in plants - folded during hot season to conserve its water

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plants

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8
Q

Organisms active during the night

A

Nocturnal

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9
Q

Organisms active during the day

A

Diurnal

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10
Q

Identify the type of adaptation: changes in the organism behavior used to survive in an environment

A

Behavioral

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11
Q

A type of behavioral adaptation that is getting used to a stimulus after repeated exposure or habit.

A

Habituation

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12
Q

Example of habituation

A

Dolphins on boat engines - got used to the boats and even interacts with it

Watering plants - will find its way to source its own water even if not watered

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13
Q

A type of behavioral adaptation that is getting allergic or irritated to stimulus if exposed

A

Sensitization

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14
Q

Example of sensitization

A

Light sensitivity - if the lights were turned on while you’re asleep

Allergic reactions - if irritated by a stimulus, one would react like through sneezing

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15
Q

A type of behavioral adaptation that is having the ability to distinguish one’s mother from other females

A

Imprinting

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16
Q

Examples of imprinting

A

Imprinting in ducks - child could still distinguish the parents

Imprinting in humans - child could still distinguish the parents

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17
Q

A type of behavioral adaptation wherein individuals learn from observing from their environment

A

Observational Behavior

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18
Q

Examples of observational behavior

A

Monkeys drinking - observed from humans
Crows using a vending machine - Joshua Klein

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19
Q

A type of behavioral adaptation: mechanisms that help regulate internal body temperature by doing less activity to conserve energy

A

Hibernation

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20
Q

A type of behavioral adaptation: a pattern of behavior in which animals travel from one habitat to another in search of food, better conditions, or reproductive needs

A

Migration

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21
Q

Examples of Migration

A

Birds during typhoon can migrate to another place then move back once the weather improved

Salmon can migrate to freshwater of rivers and can also go back to the ocean

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22
Q

A type of behavioral adaptation: natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and other biological functions

A

Circadian Rhythms

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23
Q

A type of behavioral adaptation: an automatic physiological reaction to an event that is perceived as stressful , danger, or frightening

A

Fight or Flight Response

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24
Q

A type of behavioral adaptation: these are signals that animals use to communicate to predators

A

Predator Warning

25
Q

The total number of individual of the same species or group in a particular area and time, and are capable of reproduction

A

Population Level

26
Q

The number of population / total area of land

A

Population Density

27
Q

Describes how spread out/ arrangement a population is in an area at a specific time

A

Spatial Distribution

28
Q

Enumerate the three types of spatial distribution

A

Random
Clumped
Uniform

29
Q

How old the population is

A

Age Structure

30
Q

The births and deaths

A

Natality and Mortality

31
Q

The number of males and females in the population

A

Sex Ratio

32
Q

What are the types of Population Pyramid?

A

Expanding
Contracting
Stationary

33
Q

Formula for Population Size`

A

[birth + immigration] - [death + emigration]

34
Q

What term describes going out of the population?

A

Emigration

35
Q

What term describes going in the population?

A

Immigration

36
Q

What are the two growth models?

A

Exponential growth model

Logistic growth model

37
Q

What growth model is: Growth rate is constant and proportional to the current size of the population or quantity

A

Exponential Growth Model

38
Q

What growth model is: the rate of growth slows down as the population approaches the limit/carrying capacity (maximum number of individuals an area or resource can sustain)

A

Logistic Growth Model

39
Q

Series of populations of different species interacting all together with the abiotic components on an area at the same time.

A

Community Level

40
Q

Enumerate the three community interactions

A

Predation
Competition
Symbiosis

41
Q

A type of community interaction where one organism (the predator) hunts, kills, captures, and consumes another organism (the prey)

A

Predation

42
Q

What are the types of competition and specify their differences

A

Intraspecific Competition - between same species

Interspecific Competition - among different species

43
Q

A type of community interaction that is close and long-term biological interaction between two different species

A

Symbiosis

44
Q

A type of symbiosis: one benefits (parasite) and the other is hurt/harmed (host)

A

Parasitism

45
Q

A type of symbiosis: one benefits/gains (commensal) and the other one is not affected/harmed (host)

A

Commensalism

46
Q

A type of symbiosis: both organisms benefit

A

Mutualism

47
Q

All living organisms (biotic) within an ecosystem and their interactions with the nonliving elements (abiotic) like sunlight, water, and soil.

A

Ecosystem Level

48
Q

A graphical representation that illustrates how energy from the sun is being transferred to one organism to the other.

A

Energy Flow

49
Q

A graphical representation that shows the amount of biomass or bioproductivity at each trophic level in an ecosystem

A

Ecological Pyramid

50
Q

A graphical representation that shows the number of organism in each trophic levels

A

Pyramid of Numbers

51
Q

A representation that shows the total biomass of a living organisms at each trophic level

A

Pyramid of Biomass

52
Q

A graphical representation that shows the total amount of energy transferred by living organisms at each trophic level. (10% rule)

A

Pyramid of Energy

53
Q

A place where all forms of life are found

A

Biosphere

54
Q

Basic elements of life

A

CHNOPS

carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen
phosphorus
sulfur

55
Q

Water Cycle or Hydrologic Cycle

A

The hydrologic cycle begins with the evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean. As moist air is lifted, it cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds. Moisture is transported around the globe until it returns to the surface as precipitation. Once the water reaches the ground, one of two processes may occur; 1) some of the water may evaporate back into the atmosphere or 2) the water may penetrate the surface and become groundwater. Groundwater either seeps its way into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or is released back into the atmosphere through transpiration. The balance of water that remains on the earth’s surface is runoff, which empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried back to the oceans, where the cycle begins again.

56
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

Carbon present in the atmosphere is absorbed by plants for photosynthesis. These plants are then consumed by animals and carbon gets bio accumulated into their bodies. These animals and plants eventually die, and upon decomposing, carbon is released back into the atmosphere. Some of the carbon that is not released back into the atmosphere eventually becomes fossil fuels. These fossil fuels are then used for man-made activities, which pump more carbon back into the atmosphere.

57
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

A biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the organism and back into the atmosphere.

58
Q

Phosphorus Cycle

A

Phosphorus moves in a cycle through rocks, water, soil and sediments and organisms. Over time, rain and weathering cause rocks to release phosphate ions and other minerals. This inorganic phosphate is then distributed in soils and water. Plants take up inorganic phosphate from the soil.

59
Q

Sulfur Cycle

A

The sulfur cycle describes the movement of sulfur through the geosphere and biosphere. Sulfur is released from rocks through weathering, and then assimilated by microbes and plants. It is then passed up the food chain and assimilated by plants and animals, and released when they decompose.

People and Earth's Ecosystem (3 decks)

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