CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
there is “little” in the history of clinical psychology to separate it from the history of abnormal psychology.
1890
Zilboorg and Henry termed Clinical Psychology as “medical psychology”.
1941
Reisman’s useful search for the origins of clinical psychology in the 19th century reform movements that eventually led to better treatment of mentally ill patients.
1976
- one of the major figures in this movement
- he managed to get himself appointed as head of the asylum at Bicêtre
- has a milestone contribution in the development of psychiatry, mental health, and clinical psychology
Philippe Pinel
devoting himself to the establishment of a “model hospital” for humane treatment
William Tuke
- was laboring long and successfully to
develop a retreat in Hartford for the mentally ill. - emphasized the role of civilized care, respect, and morality.
Eli Todd
she campaigned for better facilities for the mentally ill.
Dorothea Dix
- a hospital for the “insane” was built in New Jersey.
- “Knowledge through experimentation” began to prevail which later on gave rise to science, literature, government, and reform
1848
1850 — 1899
The Beginnings
established an anthropometric laboratory
Francis Galton
- believed that the study of reaction time differences was a way of approaching the study of intelligence.
- he also coined the term “mental tests” to describe his measures
James McKeen Cattell
- began the current model of treatment in clinical psychology through opening the 1st psychological clinic (1896)
- 1st psychological journal “The Psychological Clinic”
Lightner Witmer (1896)
he divided mental illness into types determined by exogenous factors (curable) and endogenous factors.
Emil Kraepelin (1913)
1900 — 1919
Modern Era of Diagnosis and Assessment
offered the concept of general intelligence that he termed “g”.
Charles Spearman (1904)
began to use word-association methods to uncover unconscious material in patients.
Carl Jung (1905)
The creation of the Binet-Simon scale (Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon).
1908
Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test was created.
1910
- creation of Army Alpha test and Army
Beta test. - Woodworth’s Psychoneurotic Inventory
or The Woodworth Personal Data Sheet was published.
1917
1920 — 1939
Between The Wars (Diagnosis and Assessment)
major news during ‘Between The Wars’
Projective Testing
a water-shed event for projecting testing happened
1921
publication of Psychodiagnostik (Psychodiagnostic)
- described his use of inkblots to diagnose psychiatric patients
- when people respond to an ambiguous test stimulus, it will let them reveal something of their responses to real-life experiences.
Hermann Rorschach
Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet by the Pressey X-0 Test
1921
WPDS by the Downey Will-Temperament Test
1923
1926
Goodenough Draw-a-Man Technique
- Strong vocational interest blank (SVIB)
- Factor Analysis
- Kuder Preference Record (KPR)
1927
1928
Gesell’s Developmental Scale
1930
Arthur Point Scale
Allport-Vernon Study of Values
1931
1934
Cornell-Coxe Test
1935
Christiana Morgan & Henry Murray’s Thematic Apperception Test
Doll’s Vineland Social Maturity Scale
1936
1937
Publication of separate manuals and scoring procedures
Lauretta Bender’s Bender-Gestalt Test
1938
- David Wechsler-Bellevue Test
- Projective techniques was published
1939
World War II and Beyond (1940 — Present) (Diagnosis and Assessment)
Clinical psychology’s intelligence tests was responsible for its subsequent movement into the area of personality assessment.
- published in 1943
- an objective self-report test
- it intends to evaluate personality features and psychopathology
- it appears unique in that no theoretical interpretation of scores was necessary
Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
1949
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale followed
1955
Late 1950s
The beginning of Radical Behaviorism (only overt behavior can be measured)
DSM stands for
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DSM HISTORY
● 1952 - DSM-I
● 1968 - DSM-II
● 1980 - DSM-III
● 1987 - DSM-III-R (revision)
● 1994 - DSM-IV
● 2013 - DSM-V
used to evaluate relative strengths and deficits of patients based on empirically established brain-behavior relationships.
Neuropsychological Assessment
Neuropsychological Test Batteries
- Halstead’s Neuropsychological Test Battery (1947)
- Halstead-Reitan
- Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
to aid in the diagnosis of neuropsychological problems
Halstead’s Neuropsychological Test Battery (1947)
Behaviors were understood within the context of the stimuli that either preceded or followed them.
Behavioral Assessment (1970s)
The rise and popularity of managed health care had a huge impact on psychological assessment.
- it developed in response to the rapidly increasing cost of health care.
- third-party insurers were attracted to MHC as it controlled and reduced costs.
- it requires service providers to be more accountable and more efficient in service delivery.
Managed Health Care (1990s)
1850-1899 (Interventions)
Beginnings
Classification of psychoses
Emil Kraepelin
Investigations on patients with hysteria and his clinical demonstration with hypnotized patients
Jean Charcot
Introduces humane care in French asylums
Philippe Pinel (1793)
Successfully lobbies for better facilities for the mentally ill in New Jersey
Dorothea Dix (1848)
Diagnosed and treated Anna O.’s hysteria, which led to theoretical breakthroughs that influenced psychotherapy
Josef Breuer (1880s)
Published Studies on Hysteria. Their collaboration served as the launching pad for psychoanalysis–the single most influential theoretical and treatment development in the history of psychiatry and clinical psychology.
Breuer and Sigmund Freud (1895)
1900 — 1919 (Interventions)
Modern Era
Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams
1900
Inaugurates the mental hygiene movement
Clifford Beers (1908)
Established a child guidance clinic in Chicago
William Healy (1909)
1920 — 1939 (Interventions)
Between the Wars
work and emphasis on the structure of family relationships and de-emphasis on the role of sexuality became ensconced in American clinics for children
Alfred Adler’s
- Psychoanalysis was largely devoted to the treatment of adults and was practiced almost exclusively by analysts with basic medical training
- Psychologists’ therapeutic activities were, at first, confined to the evaluation of children’s intellectual abilities
- Play therapy was another trend that influenced early work with children
Between the Wars (1920 — 1939)
demonstrate that a child’s fear can be learned (Little Albert experiment)
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920)
employs learning principles to remove children’s fears (Little Peter experiment)
Mary Cover Jones (1924)
Introduces group therapy
Jacob Moreno (1932)
1940 — Present (Interventions)
World War II and Beyond
Psychologists’ successful work on psychotherapy, research, and testing during the war led to their acceptance as mental health professionals
World War II and Beyond (1940 — Present)
Clinical psychologists began to reduce their emphasis on the assessment of intelligence, ability testing, and cognitive dysfunction. They became more interested in personality development and its description. Psychotherapy and personality theory began to move into the foreground.
Freudian Movement
published Counseling and Psychotherapy, outlining an alternative to psychodynamic therapy
Carl Rogers (1942)
Newer forms of psychotherapy
➢ 1951 - Perls Gestalt Therapy
➢ 1953 - Frankl Logotherapy
➢ 1958 - Ackerman Family Therapy
➢ 1961 - Berne Transactional Analysis
➢ 1962 - Ellis Rational-Emotive Therapy
Criticizes the ineffectiveness of psychotherapy inspired clinicians to conduct research to prove him wrong
Hans Eysenck (1952)
- Focused on observable and measurable
behavior - Shorter length of treatment required
- Emphasis on the empirical evaluation and
treatment outcome
Behavioral Therapy
wrote Conditioned Reflex Therapy, which evolved into desensitization methods
Andrew Salter (1949)
outlined the application of operant principles to therapeutic and social interventions
B.F. Skinner (1953)
introduced systematic desensitization
Joseph Wolpe (1958)
initially focused on depression; one of the most effective psychological treatments
Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
becoming a preferred mode of psychotherapeutic intervention
Brief or Time-Effective Therapy
outlined treatment goals for each session as well as techniques to be used; also assisted research aimed at determining the effectiveness of interventions
“Manualized” forms of treatment
1850 — 1899 (Research)
Beginnings
established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany
Wilhelm Wundt (1879)
published his classic text Principles of Psychology
William James (1890)
published his research on the Wechsler-Bellevue Test
David Wechsler
Julian Rotter
published Social Learning and Clinical Psychology and his social learning theor
report their research on the counseling process
Carl Rogers and Rosalind Dymond (1954)
American Psychological Association (APA) was founded.
1892
first president of APA
G. Stanley Hall
established the first “Psychological” Clinic at the University of Pennsylvania.
Lightner Witner (1896)
- named the field “clinical psychology,” and was the first to teach a specific course in clinical psychology (1907)
- his work influenced and anticipated future developments in clinical psychology, including an emphasis on children’s academic problems, the use of active clinical interventions to improve individuals’ lives, and collaboration with other professionals (e.g., physicians) in providing treatment.
Lightner Witmer
Began publishing the Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Morton Prince (1906)
established the juvenile Psychopathic Institute in Chicago.
Healy (1909)
the first Section of Clinical Psychology was created within the APA.
1919
founded the Psychological Corporation to develop and market psychological tests (particularly those of interest to industry).
James Mckeen Cattell (1921)
to establish the Harvard Psychological Clinic
Morton Prince (1927)
Psi chi founded
○ Association of College Honor Societies and is an affiliate of the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Association for Psychological Science (APS).
1930
defines clinical psychology as “that art and technology which deals with the adjustment problems of human beings”
APA Committee on Standards of Training (1935)
published the first clinical psychology text
Loutit (1936)
The Journal of Consulting Psychology was founded.
○ Still published today as the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (JCCP)
1937
the first state to pass a certification law for psychologists.
Connecticut (1945)
American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology (ABEPP) was established to certify the professional competence of clinicians holding the Ph.D.
1947
the Educational Testing Service was started
■ A conference on graduate education in clinical psychology was held in Boulder, Colorado which was a truly significant event in clinical psychology because it explicated the scientist-practitioner model for training clinical psychologists that has served as the principal guideline for training ever since. In succinct terms, this model asserts:
a) clinical psychologists shall pursue
their training departments;
b) they shall be in university trained as psychologists first and clinicians second;
c) they shall be required to serve a clinical internship;
d) they shall achieve competence in diagnosis, psychotherapy, and research; and
e) the culmination of their training shall be the Ph.D. degree, which involves an original research contribution to the field.
1949
published Ethical Standards
- A landmark achievement in the codification of ethical behavior for psychologists and a great step
forward in the protection of the public.
1953
First Psy.D. program established
1968
Most recent, amended version of Ethical Principles published
2010
APS changes its name to Association for Psychological Science.
2006
- the academic-scientific wing of the APA seems to have concluded that the APA was under the control of the practitioners, who were using their power to promote their own interests
The American Psychological Society (APS) was founded, led by 22 former APA presidents who became founding members. The initial advisory board of APS read like a scientific “Who’s Who.”
1988 Schism
The first APS convention was held and by most accounts was a resounding success.
June 1988
The professed goals of APS, now called the Association for Psychological Science (as of 2006), are to:
➔ advancethedisciplineof psychology,
➔ preservethescientificbaseof psychology,
➔ promote public understanding of psychological science and its applications,
➔ enhancethequalityofeducation.
➔ encouragethe“givingaway”of
psychology in the public interest
