Chapter 2

Question 1

intermolecular force: dipole-dipole

Answer 1

• 2 polar molecules (determined by electronegativity)
• positive and negative ends attract

Question 2

intermolecular force: London dispersion

Answer 2

• non polar molecules
• electrons distort briefly and will be temporarily be dipole
• very weak bond

Question 3

intermolecular force: hydrogen bonding

Answer 3

• O, N, F bond with Hydrogen
• H from one molecule bonds with the a lone pair of electrons on another molecule
• very strong

Question 4

effect of branching on boiling points

Answer 4

• long chain=increased boiling point
• more branching = decreased boiling point

Question 5

effect of intermolecular force on boiling point

Answer 5

hydrogen bonding=increased boiling point

Question 6

polarity effects on solubility

Answer 6

• like dissolves like
• polar dissolves polar
• non polar dissolves non polar

Question 7

define hydrocarbons

Answer 7

compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen

Question 8

functional group: alkane

Answer 8

single bond

Question 9

hybridization of alkanes

Answer 9

sp3

Question 10

functional group: alkenes

Answer 10

double bond

Question 11

hybridization of alkenes

Answer 11

sp2

Question 12

functional group: alkynes

Answer 12

triple bond

Question 13

hybridization of alkynes

Answer 13

sp

Question 14

what does the prefix “cyclo-“ mean?

Answer 14

the structure forms a ring

Question 15

understand naming alkanes!!

Answer 15

• prefix = number of carbons
• suffix = -ane
• lower numbers are better and use alphabetical order

Question 16

functional group: alcohol

Answer 16

-OH

Question 17

functional group: ether

Answer 17

-O-

Question 18

functional group: aldehyde

Answer 18

-COH

Question 19

functional group: ketone

Answer 19

-CO

Question 20

functional group: carboxylic acid

Answer 20

-COOH

Question 21

functional group: amine

Answer 21

-NH2
- NO OXYGEN

Question 22

functional group: amide

Answer 22

• NH2O
• DO HAVE OXYGEN

Question 23

functional group: Nitriles

Answer 23

-CN

Question 24

define Acid/Base reaction

Answer 24

exchanging of a proton

Question 25

define nucleophile

Answer 25

- Lewis Base - negative or neutral - accepts proton and donates electron

Question 26

define electrophile

Answer 26

- Lewis Acid - positive or neutral - donates a proton and accepts electron

Question 27

what is special about the Arrhenius Acid/Base Reaction?

Answer 27

REACTION MUST HAPPEN IN WATER

Question 28

Arrhenius Acid

Answer 28

dissociates in water to give H3O+ ions - has HO3 in it somewhere

Question 29

Arrhenius Base

Answer 29

dissociate in water to give OH - has OH in it somewhere

Question 30

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

Answer 30

donate a proton (H+) - has a hydrogen in it

Question 31

Bronsted-Lowry Base

Answer 31

accepts a proton - can be negative

Question 32

Conjugate Acid

Answer 32

when a base accepts a proton

Question 33

Conjugate Base

Answer 33

when an acid donates a proton

Question 34

Lewis Acid

Answer 34

can accept an electron - usually positively charged

Question 35

Lewis Base

Answer 35

can donate and electron - usually negatively charged

Question 37

signs of reactivity

Answer 37

1. formal charge 2. partial charge 3. pi bonds 4. sterics

Question 38

define pKa

Answer 38

measurement of a molecule to donate protons - 16 = neutral - -10 = very acidic - 50 = good base

Question 39

water pKa

Answer 39

15.7 pKa

Question 40

alcohol pKa

Answer 40

about 16 pKa

Question 41

carboxylic acid pKa

Answer 41

5 pKa

Question 42

acid base equilibrium steps

Answer 42

1. identify Lewis acid and base 2. label conjugate acid and base 3. compare the acidity/pKa of the Lewis acid to the conjugate acid **products or reactants will be favored depending on where the stronger acid is

Question 43

Acidity Factors: electronegativity

Answer 43

more electronegative, more acidic

Question 44

Acidity Factors: size

Answer 44

larger in size (down columns on the periodic table), the more acidic

Question 45

Acidity Factors: inductive effects

Answer 45

the stabilizing properties that electronegative atoms NOT connected to the acidic hydrogen: - strength (F>Cl>Br>I) - number (more=more acidic) - proximity (closer=more acidic)

Question 46

Acidity Factors: Hybridization Effects

Answer 46

- sp = 25 pKa (alkyne) - sp2 = 44 pKa (alkene) - sp3 = 50 pKa (alkane)

Question 47

Acidity Factors: resonance

Answer 47

the donation of a proton leads to resonance structures that conjugate base will be more stable and the molecule will be a better acid