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Forensic and Legal Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was an ancient form of trial by ordeal mentioned in the notes?
a. Polygraph examination
b. Arm boiling in hot water
c. Verbal interrogation
d. Fingerprint analysis

A

B

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2
Q

Why is lying considered adaptive from an evolutionary perspective?
a. To promote survival
b. To expose deceit in others
c. To maintain honesty in the community
d. To increase vulnerability

A

A

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3
Q

What term describes leaving out crucial details that might reveal the truth?
a. Lies of commission
b. Spontaneous lies
c. Lies of omission
d. Well-rehearsed lies

A

C

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4
Q

According to Bond and DePaulo’s findings, what is the overall rate of accuracy in distinguishing truth from lies?
a. 60%
b. 54%
c. 70%
d. 45%

A

B

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5
Q

How much did advantageous and disadvantageous conditions affect lie-detection accuracy rates, according to Bond and DePaulo (2006)?
a. 5%
b. 2%
c. 10%
d. 15%

A

B

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6
Q

In a study involving prison inmates’ videotaped confessions, who performed slightly better than chance in distinguishing true from false confessions?
a. College students
b. Police detectives
c. Interrogation trainers
d. Judges

A

A

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7
Q

What behavioral cues are flawed indicators of deception, according to the notes?
a. Avoiding eye contact
b. Shifting and fidgeting
c. Crossing legs
d. All of the above

A

D

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8
Q

What phenomenon is likely to occur when interrogators believe a suspect is guilty and subject them to a high-pressure interrogation?
a. Confirmation bias
b. Truth revelation
c. Impartial judgment
d. Empathy

A

A

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9
Q

What physiological changes does the polygraph monitor to detect lies?

a. Blood sugar levels
b. Heart rate and breathing patterns
c. Body temperature
d. Digestive activity

A

B

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10
Q

Who is credited with developing the modern lie detector, also known as the polygraph?

a. Sigmund Freud
b. William M. Marston
c. John A. Larson
d. David Lykken

A

B

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11
Q

What did William M. Marston believe could reveal if someone was lying?

a. Changes in body temperature
b. Measurable changes in blood pressure
c. Pupil dilation
d. Changes in vocal pitch

A

B

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12
Q

What does the term “polygraph” mean?

a. One who writes a lot
b. Device for recording multiple physiological changes
c. A machine that detects lies through voice analysis
d. Greek for “truth detector”

A

B

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13
Q

Which act nearly abolished the use of the polygraph for employment screening by private employers?

a. Employment Discrimination Act
b. Truth in Hiring Act
c. Polygraph Protection Act of 1988
d. Lie Detection Limitation Act

A

C

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14
Q

Who is exempted from the Polygraph Protection Act of 1988?

a. All private employers
b. Police departments and intelligence agencies
c. Only federal agencies
d. Companies involved in nuclear power plants

A

B

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15
Q

After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, where has the polygraph been widely used?

a. Employment screening
b. National security and sometimes in the criminal justice system
c. Medical diagnosis
d. Entertainment industry

A

B

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16
Q

What is the focus of police psychologists, according to the notes?

a. Individual therapy for officers
b. Enhancing community relations
c. Providing services for law enforcement agencies
d. Developing new policing technologies

A

C

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17
Q

What is the most frequent task of many police psychologists?

a. Criminal profiling
b. Fitness-for-duty evaluations
c. Psychotherapy for officers
d. Preemployment psychological assessment

A

D

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18
Q

What technique is most frequently used in polygraph testing as a lie detection procedure?

a. True/False questions
b. Comparison Question Technique (CQT)
c. Visual recognition test
d. Logical reasoning questions

A

B

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19
Q

What are comparison questions in the CQT also known as?

a. Truth questions
b. Unknown lie questions
c. Known lie questions
d. Countermeasure questions

A

C

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20
Q

How are polygraph charts typically scored?

a. Qualitatively
b. Alphabetically
c. Numerically
d. Based on color changes

A

C

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21
Q

What is the purpose of countermeasures in polygraph testing?

a. Enhance the accuracy of the test
b. Create confusion for the polygrapher
c. Thwart the polygraph by manipulating arousal
d. Facilitate truth-telling

A

C

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22
Q

What is the estimated range of overall accuracy in polygraph testing?

a. 40% to 60%
b. 64% to 87%
c. 75% to 90%
d. 90% to 100%

A

B

23
Q

Why are accuracy rates in laboratory studies likely to be somewhat inflated?

a. Participants have countermeasure training
b. Consequences for lying are high
c. Participants have experience in polygraphing
d. Simple lies are not told in laboratory studies

A

B

24
Q

What did the National Academy of Science conclude about employment screening using the polygraph?

a. It has a low rate of error
b. It has an unacceptably high rate of error
c. It is infallible
d. It is rarely used in employment screening

A

B

25
Q

What did John A. Larson, the developer of the first systematic questioning technique for the polygraph, complain about?

a. Lack of public interest
b. Widespread misuse of the polygraph
c. Lack of scientific research
d. Poor training of polygraph examiners

A

B

26
Q

How is the polygraph frequently used in inducing suspects to confess?

a. As a tool for physical beatings
b. As a means of proving innocence
c. As a form of psychological third degree
d. As a distraction during interrogations

A

C

27
Q

What role does the polygraph play in eliciting false confessions?

a. It convinces suspects of their guilt
b. It serves as a backup to physical evidence
c. It adds scientific credibility to interrogations
d. It is rarely used in the process

A

C

28
Q

How many states have banned the use of polygraph evidence in court?

a. 10
b. 23
c. 40
d. All states

A

B

29
Q

What were the two major concerns expressed by Justice Clarence Thomas in the case of United States v. Scheffer?

a. Lack of public interest and scientific reliability
b. Lack of consensus about scientific validity and usurping the role of the jury
c. Judicial bias and witness credibility
d. Overreliance on technology and lack of human judgment

A

B

30
Q

What is required of many states for convicted sex offenders as a condition of probation or parole?

a. Psychological counseling
b. Community service
c. Polygraph examinations
d. Drug testing

A

C

31
Q

What is a concern regarding the postconviction polygraphing of sex offenders?

a. It is highly effective in reducing reoffending
b. It may lead to deterrence and increased disclosure
c. There is a lack of studies on its effectiveness
d. False positive and false negative errors may be high

A

D

32
Q

What does the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) aim to detect?

a Arousal during lying
b. Specific knowledge that only a guilty person would possess
c. Changes in vocal pitch
d. Emotional responses during questioning

A

B

33
Q

Which type of test is the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT)?

a. Comparison Question Technique (CQT)
b. Concealed Information Test (CIT)
c. Directed Lie Test (DLT)
d. Relevant-Irrelevant Test (RIT)

A

B

34
Q

What is the primary limitation of stress-based lie detection systems like the polygraph?

a. They are easily fooled by emotionless liars.
b. They rely on observing cues associated with happiness.
c. They are highly accurate for anxious truth tellers.
d. They focus on verbal cues only.

A

A

35
Q

What concept forms the basis of lie detection approaches over the past two decades?

a. Physiological arousal
b. Cognitive load
c. Nonverbal behavior
d. Emotional expression

A

B

36
Q

What does cognitive load refer to?

a. The ease of mental tasks
b. The drain on mental resources during a task
c. The emotional impact of lying
d. The physiological response to stress

A

B

37
Q

How have Aldert Vrij and his colleagues attempted to make lies more detectable during interrogations?

a. By focusing on nonverbal cues
b. By increasing physiological arousal in suspects
c. By boosting cognitive load
d. By reducing cognitive load

A

C

38
Q

What technology did Daniel Langleben and his colleagues use in their lie detection research?

a. Polygraph
b. Electroencephalography (EEG)
c. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
d. Computerized tomography (CT) scans

A

C

39
Q

What brain regions were found to be more activated during lying, according to fMRI studies?

a. Occipital cortex and hippocampus
b. Temporal lobe and amygdala
c. Prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex
d. Cerebellum and brainstem

A

C

40
Q

How did Giorgio Ganis and his colleagues differentiate between spontaneous and rehearsed lies in their fMRI study?

a. By analyzing eye movements
b. By examining verbal cues
c. By assessing brain activation patterns
d. By measuring heart rate changes

A

C

41
Q

What is a limitation of fMRI lie detection research?

a. It provides real-time readouts of brain activity.
b. It is portable and cost-effective.
c. It requires motionless subjects.
d. It can involve large study groups.

A

C

42
Q

Why have for-profit companies faced challenges in introducing fMRI lie detection testimony in court?

a. Lack of interest from legal scholars
b. The cumbersome and expensive nature of the procedure
c. Over 97% accuracy claims
d. Rapid real-time readouts of brain activity

A

B

43
Q

What technology relies on electrodes pressed against the scalp to monitor brain activity?

a. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
b. Electrocardiography (ECG)
c. Electroencephalography (EEG)
d. Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

C

44
Q

What is the advantage of EEG over fMRI in terms of timing?

a. EEG provides real-time readouts.
b. EEG is portable and cost-effective.
c. EEG has better spatial resolution.
d. EEG reads neural impulses continuously in milliseconds.

A

D

45
Q

What electrical pattern in the brain is of particular interest for lie detection in EEG studies?

a. Alpha waves
b. Delta waves
c. Theta waves
d. P-300 wave

A

D

46
Q

What does Brainwave Science use for lie detection, and how does it differ from traditional polygraph results?

a. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); it focuses on brain regions associated with lying.
b. Electroencephalography (EEG); it relies on P-300 waves instead of polygraph results.
c. Polygraph; it uses a proprietary algorithm for analyzing physiological responses.
d. Positron emission tomography (PET); it measures changes in metabolic activity.

A

B

47
Q

What is a concern related to Brainwave Science’s lie detection technique?

a. It lacks a proprietary algorithm.
b. Its claims of accuracy have not been independently confirmed.
c. It relies on real-time readouts.
d. It has better spatial resolution than other methods.

A

B

48
Q

What is the statistical method used to analyze EEG data by Brainwave Science?

a. Independent evaluation
b. Proprietary algorithm
c. Real-time readouts
d. Spontaneous lies analysis

A

B

49
Q

What is the primary mechanism behind the lie-detection method that tracks heat changes in the skin near the eyes?

a. Decreased blood flow to capillaries
b. Cooling of the skin
c. Increased blood flow to capillaries
d. Reduced arousal levels

A

C

50
Q

What technology is used in the lie-detection method based on thermal imaging?

a. X-ray imaging
b. High-definition infrared thermal imaging
c. Ultraviolet imaging
d. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

B

51
Q

How are the changes detected by thermal imaging displayed on a computer screen?

a. In blue zones
b. In green zones
c. In red zones
d. In yellow zones

A

C

52
Q

What is the underlying theory shared by both polygraph and thermal imaging for lie detection?

a. Lying causes cooling of the skin.
b. Lying leads to decreased blood flow.
c. Lying produces arousal.
d. Lying has no physiological impact.

A

C

53
Q

What is a limitation identified in more recent research related to thermal imaging for lie detection?

a. It is too expensive to implement.
b. It misclassifies truthful people as liars due to non-lying-related anxiety.
c. It requires physical contact with the subject.
d. It is not sensitive enough to detect physiological changes.

A

B

Forensic and Legal Psychology (4 decks)

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