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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the significance of psychology in the legal system?
a. Limited relevance
b. Irrelevant
c. No connection
d. Saturated with psychological concerns

A

D

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2
Q

Which area of psychology is concerned with the impact of divorce on child development and the ability of a child to understand a crime’s consequences?
a. Social psychology
b. Cognitive psychology
c. Developmental psychology
d. Clinical psychology

A

C

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3
Q

In the legal realism movement, what did scholars emphasize as important in examining the behavior of lawyers and judges?
a. Legal fictions and formalisms
b. Principles of natural law
c. Social context and effects of laws
d. Mechanical application of logic

A

C

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4
Q

Who cautioned Austrian judges about the influence of unconscious processes on their decisions in the early 1900s?
a. Hugo Munsterberg
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Louis Brandeis
d. Wilhelm Wundt

A

B

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5
Q

What did Hugo Munsterberg contribute to psychology and law?
a. Founded the American Bar Association
b. Established the Brandeis Brief
c. Directed the Psychological Laboratory at Harvard
d. Advocated for therapeutic methods in criminal rehabilitation

A

C

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6
Q

Which event in 1908 triggered a broad recognition among psychologists that their ideas might transform the legal system?
a. Muller v. Oregon case
b. Hugo Munsterberg’s libel trial
c. Publication of “On the Witness Stand” by Hugo Munsterberg
d. Louis Brandeis’ advocacy for social scientific evidence

A

C

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7
Q

Who wrote that law is the means through which policy ends are achieved, and it cannot be dealt with as if it contained only axioms and corollaries of a book of mathematics?
a. Karl Llewellyn
b. Oliver Wendell Holmes
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Hugo Munsterberg

A

B

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8
Q

What did the U.S. Supreme Court decide in the case of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954?
a. Segregation in schools was constitutional.
b. Segregation in schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
c. Segregation in schools was a state matter.
d. Segregation in schools was not a social issue.

A

B

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9
Q

Which influential book, published in 1966, summarized a multiyear study of how juries and judges research their decisions?
a. “The Crime of Punishment” by Karl Menninger
b. “The American Jury” by Harry Kalven and Hans Zeisel
c. “The Effect of Segregation and the Consequences of Desegregation” by George Miller
d. “On the Witness Stand” by Hugo Munsterberg

A

B

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10
Q

Who called for using psychological knowledge to solve pressing social problems in the presidential address to the American Psychological Association in 1969?
a. Hugo Munsterberg
b. George Miller
c. Karl Llewellyn
d. Louis Brandeis

A

B

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11
Q

When was the American Psychology-Law Society (APLS) established?
a. 1930
b. 1954
c. 1969
d. Late 1970s

A

C

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12
Q

Which journal, signaling the maturity of the relationship between psychology and law, appeared in 1977?
a. Psychology and Law Journal
b. Law and Human Behavior
c. American Bar Association Journal
d. The American Psychologist

A

B

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13
Q

Over the past 40 years, how has the relationship between psychology and law evolved?
a. Deteriorated
b. Stagnated
c. Contracted
d. Expanded and deepened

A

D

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14
Q

How has culture been defined in the context of psychology and law?
a. As individual preferences
b. As shared cognitions, standard operating procedures, and unexamined assumptions
c. As legal doctrines
d. As temporary beliefs

A

B

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15
Q

What do people from a particular culture tend to share?
a. Only basic assumptions about the relative importance of goals
b. Only how disputes should be resolved
c. Only what procedures to follow in striving for goals
d. Basic assumptions about the relative importance of competing goals, how disputes should be resolved, and what procedures to follow in striving for goals

A

D

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16
Q

What do anthropologists and psychologists focus on when contrasting different cultures?
a. The absolute truth
b. The relative prominence of beliefs and behaviors
c. The prevalence of shared norms
d. The universality of cultural practices

A

B

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17
Q

Why is understanding the cultural tendencies of law and psychology important?
a. To identify commonalities between the two disciplines
b. To understand why psychology and law have sometimes become frustrated with each other
c. To emphasize the similarities in goals, methods, and styles of inquiry
d. To promote cultural diversity within the disciplines

A

B

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18
Q

What is a basic source of tensions between psychology and law?
a. Agreement on goals
b. Conflict in methods
c. Differences in underlying goals, methods, and styles of inquiry
d. Shared principles

A

C

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19
Q

What is the primary goal of psychological science?
a. Regulating human behavior
b. Providing a full and accurate explanation of human behavior
c. Achieving justice
d. Approximating truth

A

B

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20
Q

What is the primary goal of the law?
a. Approximating truth
b. Regulating human behavior
c. Achieving justice
d. Providing accurate explanations of human behavior

A

C

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21
Q

According to Geert Hofstede’s classic study, what characterizes cultures high on “uncertainty avoidance”?
a. Emphasis on individual cases
b. Development of elaborate rules and rituals
c. Focus on scientific process and uncertainty
d. Promotion of equality within scientific communities

A

B

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22
Q

What is another implication of the differing goals of psychological science and the legal system?
a. Psychology emphasizes individual cases, while law emphasizes the characteristics of groups
b. Psychology emphasizes the characteristics of groups, while law emphasizes individual cases
c. Both psychology and law emphasize individual cases
d. Both psychology and law emphasize the characteristics of groups

A

A

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23
Q

How does the law advance compared to psychology?
a. Through the accumulation of data produced by scientists
b. Through the accumulation of rulings produced by courts
c. Through the accumulation of empirical evidence
d. Through the accumulation of scientific theories

A

B

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24
Q

What is the dimension used to differentiate cultures based on the amount of deference given to people in positions of authority?
a. Cultural relativism
b. Power distance
c. Empirical variability
d. Scientific rigor

A

B

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25
Q

What is the ABA Code of Professional Responsibility’s requirement for lawyers?
a. Represent their clients zealously within the bounds of the law
b. Represent their clients without any restrictions
c. Represent both sides equally
d. Avoid advocacy in legal proceedings

A

A

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26
Q

Although scientists strive for objectivity, what are they not capable of?
a. Perfect objectivity
b. Biased interpretations
c. Advocacy
d. Scientific progress

A

A

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27
Q

What is an ethical limit on zealousness for lawyers?
a. Zealous representation is encouraged in all cases
b. Lawyers cannot knowingly permit witnesses to lie under oath
c. Zealous representation is required in all cases
d. Lawyers must advocate for the opposing side

A

B

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28
Q

What is a fundamental assumption of the U.S. legal system regarding truth?
a. Truth is subjective
b. Truth will emerge from a contest between opposing sides
c. Truth is irrelevant in legal proceedings
d. Truth is always clear and objective

A

B

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29
Q

What is the primary reason for trying to influence the legal system, according to the notes?
a. To challenge legal principles
b. To establish new laws
c. Because law is important and many legal issues are psychological in nature
d. To criticize legal practices

A

C

30
Q

What are the essential psychological questions confronted by the legal system, according to the notes?
a. Questions about the effectiveness of legal procedures
b. Questions about what people consider fair, why people commit crimes, and how the behavior of criminals can be changed
c. Questions about the role of lawyers in society
d. Questions about legal doctrines

A

B

31
Q

What is the emphasis of psychological scientists in their research?
a. Representing individual cases
b. Emphasizing authority
c. Uncovering general principles of human behavior
d. Advocating for specific legal rulings

A

C

32
Q

What does the ultimate “truth” of a particular explanation of human behavior in psychology involve?
a. Certainty and conclusiveness
b. Revision and probabilistic conclusions
c. Static and unchangeable conclusions
d. Replications of findings over time

A

B

33
Q

How is the ideal of objectivity achieved in psychological science?
a. Through individual researchers’ efforts
b. Through a lack of disagreement among scientists
c. Through the sustained, collective efforts of many scientists over time
d. Through avoiding criticism of research findings

A

C

34
Q

What are the three types of roles psychologists can play in their interactions with the law?
a. Analysts, Observers, Reformers
b. Advisors, Evaluators, Reformers
c. Consultants, Critics, Reformers
d. Advocates, Analysts, Observers

A

B

35
Q

How are the three roles of psychologists (advisors, evaluators, reformers) related?
a. They are mutually exclusive
b. They are interchangeable
c. They are complementary
d. They are independent

A

C

36
Q

What is one of the core components of graduate training in forensic psychology?
a. Musical knowledge
b. Legal knowledge
c. Political knowledge
d. Artistic knowledge

A

B

37
Q

In the context of forensic psychology training, what does “integrative law–psychology knowledge” involve?
a. Knowledge of legal philosophy
b. Overview of forensic psychology and knowledge of research in psycho-legal areas
c. Understanding of political science
d. Familiarity with international law

A

B

38
Q

In what ways can psychologists serve as advisors in legal proceedings?
a. By providing musical expertise
b. By contributing written arguments (briefs) submitted to court
c. By conducting research only
d. By performing original empirical research

A

B

39
Q

What role do psychologists play in trial consultation?
a. Conducting investigations
b. Providing therapy sessions
c. Assisting with jury selection, witness preparation, or trial strategy
d. Drafting legal documents

A

C

40
Q

What is a characteristic of formative evaluations in the legal system?
a. They judge the overall effectiveness of a program
b. They attempt to sum up how well a program has met its goals
c. They provide ongoing information about a program’s effectiveness for adjustments
d. They are primarily focused on legal doctrines

A

C

41
Q

Why do sociologists, criminologists, and anthropologists address questions about the legal system more than psychologists?
a. Psychologists lack interest in larger systems or societies
b. Psychology is not a science that values controlled experimentation
c. Psychologists focus on large systems or whole societies
d. Psychologists primarily analyze individual or small group levels

A

D

42
Q

What is the primary goal of evaluation research in the legal context?
a. To justify existing legal practices
b. To question the effectiveness of social programs
c. To challenge legal doctrines
d. To promote legal activism

A

B

43
Q

What is the focus of psychologists as reformers in the legal system?
a. To criticize legal practices without suggesting improvements
b. To promote change in the legal system using psychological theory and research
c. To maintain an objective and neutral stance
d. To enforce existing legal norms

A

B

44
Q

When do psychologists become uncomfortable in their role as reformers in the legal system?
a. When advocating for change based on personal opinions
b. When adhering strictly to scientific principles
c. When stepping away from the role of an objective scientist
d. When collaborating with lawyers

A

C

45
Q

What is the essential question regarding psychologists as reformers in the legal system?
a. Whether research findings are final
b. Whether the legal system needs change
c. Whether psychologists have political influence
d. Whether the legal system is fair

A

A

46
Q

Why do experts testify in courts or legislative bodies?
a. To confuse the jury
b. To replace the judge’s role
c. To provide specialized knowledge
d. To challenge legal doctrines

A

C

47
Q

What is Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence concerned with?
a. Judges’ qualifications
b. Admission of expert testimony
c. Jury selection procedures
d. Trial strategy guidelines

A

B

48
Q

In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1993), what role did the Supreme Court assign to judges?
a. Legal advisors
b. Gatekeepers for scientific testimony
c. Expert witnesses
d. Jury consultants

A

B

49
Q

What are the four criteria listed by the Supreme Court in Daubert for admitting scientific testimony?
a. Experience, reputation, education, and credentials
b. Testability, peer review, error rate, and general acceptance
c. Popularity, innovation, complexity, and relevance
d. Specificity, relevance, clarity, and significance

A

B

50
Q

What is a potential challenge associated with the criteria outlined in Daubert?
a. Lack of criteria
b. Consistency between judges
c. Overly restrictive criteria
d. Vague and subjective criteria

A

B

51
Q

How have judges’ admissibility decisions changed post the Daubert trilogy?
a. More lenient criteria application
b. Greater reliance on Daubert guidelines
c. Decreased exclusion of expert testimony
d. Increased emphasis on scientific popularity

A

B

52
Q

Why do some judges struggle to distinguish between high-quality and low-quality research?
a. Lack of interest in psychological evidence
b. Limited exposure to scientific literature
c. Inadequate training in research methods
d. Bias in favor of expert witnesses

A

C

53
Q

What is a common impact of the Daubert trilogy on trial courts?
a. Increased acceptance of expert testimony
b. More motions to limit or exclude expert testimony
c. Greater reliance on scientific popularity
d. Expanded role of expert witnesses

A

B

54
Q

What ethical dilemma is associated with expert testimony in the adversarial system?
a. Lack of bias in fact-finding
b. Advocacy and potential bias of expert witnesses
c. Overreliance on scientific evidence
d. Exclusion of expert witnesses

A

B

55
Q

What role do psychologists generally conform to in expert testimony according to APA guidelines?
a. The hired gun
b. The philosopher-advocate
c. The conduit-educator
d. The silent observer

A

C

56
Q

How can cross-disciplinary education contribute to the legal system?
a. By promoting bias in expert testimony
b. By discouraging collaboration between fields
c. By narrowing the scope of legal training for psychologists
d. By increasing the use of social science in the legal system

A

D

57
Q

Why is exposure to psychological science beneficial for lawyers and judges?
a. To confuse legal professionals
b. To enhance their knowledge of philosophy
c. To make them less receptive to scientific testimony
d. To make them more receptive to strong scientific testimony

A

D

58
Q

What training model involves encouraging psychologists to earn a master’s degree in legal studies?
a. Traditional doctoral programs
b. Cross-disciplinary education
c. Post-PhD legal studies
d. Remedial work programs

A

C

59
Q

What is the goal of amicus curiae briefs in legal cases?
a. To serve as expert witnesses
b. To advocate for a specific party
c. To educate judges about relevant psychological research
d. To replace the role of the jury

A

C

60
Q

How are amicus briefs different from expert testimony?
a. They lack a reference section
b. They are typically written by a team of researchers
c. They only report findings, not clarify meanings
d. They are presented in court verbally

A

B

61
Q

What is an advantage of amicus briefs over expert testimony?
a. They are often rushed and unreviewed
b. They lack a reference section
c. They involve multiple researchers and professional organizations
d. They focus solely on the adversarial climate of the courtroom

A

C

62
Q

How can research findings indirectly influence legal professionals?
a. Through adversarial court processes
b. Through direct expert testimony
c. Through broad dissemination in the popular media
d. Through biased legal education programs

A

C

63
Q

How do judges, lawyers, and jurors primarily receive information about social science?
a. Formal legal education programs
b. Face-to-face dissemination programs
c. Continuing education (CE) courses
d. Informal channels like websites, newspapers, and television

A

D

64
Q

What is one drawback of face-to-face dissemination through continuing education programs?
a. Limited accessibility for legal professionals
b. Inadequate coverage of new developments in the law
c. Requirement for extensive statistical training
d. Overemphasis on scientific knowledge

A

A

65
Q

How do psychologists and social scientists attempt to influence legislators directly?
a. Through adversarial court processes
b. By filing amicus curiae briefs
c. Through lobbying efforts of professional associations
d. By becoming legislative staff members

A

C

66
Q

What is one example of psychology’s influence on the legal system, as mentioned in the notes?
a. The Supreme Court’s use of amicus briefs
b. Judges consistently ignoring social scientific evidence
c. Court rulings not being influenced by psychological science
d. Social scientific findings being dismissed by the APA

A

A

67
Q

In Roper v. Simmons (2005) and Miller v. Alabama (2012), what decisions did the U.S. Supreme Court make?
a. Upheld the death penalty for juveniles
b. Banned the death penalty for juvenile murderers
c. Enforced mandatory life sentences without parole for juvenile offenders
d. Ignored psychological science in their decisions

A

B

68
Q

Why are judges sometimes reluctant to embrace social scientific research, according to the notes?
a. Lack of interest in empirical research
b. Political conservatism and self-confidence
c. Overwhelming support from social scientists
d. Fear of losing prestige and power

A

B

69
Q

What impact did the Supreme Court’s decisions in Roper v. Simmons and Miller v. Alabama have on the legal system?
a. Increased support for mandatory life sentences without parole
b. Limited the influence of psychological science
c. Banned the death penalty for juvenile offenders
d. Ignored empirical research findings

A

C

70
Q

What is one reason judges may view social science as undermining their power?
a. Lack of credibility in social scientific research
b. Fear of losing political support
c. Perceived political bias of social scientists
d. Overreliance on social science in legal decisions

A

C

Forensic and Legal Psychology (4 decks)

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