Chapter 2

Question 1

How does fluid density work?

Answer 1

Varies with fluid type

Question 2

What is fluid viscosity?

Answer 2

The measure of the ability of fluid to flow
(See chapter 2 HW notes for formulas)

Question 3

What is laminar flow?

Answer 3

A unidirectional fluid persisting in a straight stream with a nearly constant width.
velocity is constant

Question 4

What is turbulent flow?

Answer 4

A constantly changing and deforming stream.
velocity is avg over time

Question 5

What is a Newtonian fluid?

Answer 5

fluid viscosity is independent of changing velocity

Question 6

What is a Non-Newtonian Fluid?

Answer 6

fluid viscosity is dependent on changing velocity

Question 7

What is a bedform?

Answer 7

sediment structures controlled by fluids and flow of sediments that represent a depositional environment

Question 8

What does flow type depend on?

Answer 8

Viscosity and velocity of fluid

Question 9

What is Reynold’s number?

Answer 9

The ratio between a fluid’s inertial forces and it’s viscous forces

Question 10

How does laminar flow affect a fluid’s Reynolds number?

Answer 10

It is small

Question 11

how does turbulent flow affect a fluid’s Reynold’s number?

Answer 11

It is high

Question 12

What is the critical range for Reynold’s number?

Answer 12

between 500 and 2000

Question 13

what is meant by the critical range for Reynold’s number?

Answer 13

The transition between laminar and turbulent flow.

Question 14

What is entrainment?

Answer 14

The movement of grain in fluid

Question 15

What are the forces that move grains

Answer 15

Fd: Drag forces
Fl: Lift forces
these increase with an increase in velocity
(see chart in day 3 notes)

Question 16

What are the 3 aspects of bedload?

Answer 16

Sliding, Rolling, and Saltation(bouncing)

Question 17

why does it take the same amount of energy to move clay as a pebble?

Answer 17

Clays have electric charge that cause the particles to clump together.

Question 18

What are the types of sediment transport?

Answer 18

Entrainment and transport by fluid
Transport by wind (similar to entrainment)
sediment gravity flow

Question 19

Transport by wind

Answer 19

Low viscosity and low density’
can only deposit medium sized sand and lower sized grains
sands by bedload
silts/dust by suspended load

Question 20

sediment gravity flow

Answer 20

movement down slope due to gravity
4 types depending on fluid characteristics and sediment load.

Question 21

Grain flow

Answer 21

Cohesive sediment under force of gravity
and fluid acts as a lubricant
continues by grain to gran collision
(See chart in Sed day 3 notes)

Question 22

What is a debris flow?

Answer 22

Dense mixture of mud and large grains (Cobble and Boulder) behaves as a Non-Newtonian fluid.

Question 23

What is a mud flow?

Answer 23

A dense mixture of mud and grains smaller or equal to sand grains
(See charts on sed day 3)

Question 24

What is a turbidity flow?

Answer 24

water that has suspended sediment and is denser than clear water.

Question 25

What is a turbidite deposit?

Answer 25

the deposition of a turbidity flow
has distinct bedform (Bouman sequence)
Forms at submarine canyons
(See Chart in sed day 3 notes)

Question 26

What is the bouman sequence?

Answer 26

see chart in sed day 3 and draw it

Question 27

What is fluidized sediment flow?

Answer 27

Increased pressure forces water in pore spaces and movement of grain is supported by pore water
(see chart in sed day 3)