Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 337 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main thoughts on mental disorders

A

biological and environmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Biological aspects

A

downplay the influence of experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Environmental influences

A

emphasize external factors (poverty and parenting styles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three main approaches to viewing mental disorder

A

Biological & psychodynamic, Humanistic & existential, Behavioural & cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Biological & psychodynamic

A

view dysfunctional behaviour as the product of forces beyond the individual’s control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bio encourages a physical basis for disorders – leads to

A

formulation of a diagnostic system that classifies people as disorder & implies that physical interventions should be the treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Humanistic & existential

A

lay responsibility for action & choices on the individual

Personal experience provides the basis for the development of self-directed behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Behavioural & cognitive

A

a mix of external and internal factors produce dysfunctions

The way that people are conditioned to learn and the way they think or perceive the world causes the
development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the behavioural cognitive approach emphasize

A

classification of behaviours not people

Seek environmental events that shape dysfunctional responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

behavioural and cogntive approach treatment

A

manipulating environment or modifying perception / schema / beliefs of people
regarding experience and self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Adopting one of these theories is influenced by

A

the prevailing social belief system & the individual’s disposition to see human behaviour as being determined by factors beyond or within their control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the leves of theories

A

single factor explanation and interactionist explanation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sing-factor explanation

A

: attempts to trace the origins of a disorder to one factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Interactionist explanation

A

behaviour is the product of interactions between a variety of factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Can be classified according to their level of explanation

A

Ex: Maslow’s theory of self-actualization tries to explain all human behaviour while Freud’s try to explain abnormal behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Theories embody 3 features

A
  1. Integrate most of what is currently known about the phenomena in the simplest way (parsimony)
  2. Make testable predictions about aspects of the phenomena that weren’t previously thought of
  3. Make possible to specify what evidence would deny the theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why do theories gain strength?

A

Evidence supports their predictions

Alternative explanations are rejected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

proposes that the prediction made from the theory is false

When you reject it, it provides support for a theory BUT theories are NOT factors and can NEVER be PROVEN to be true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Etiology

A

the causes or origins of a disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

General aims of theories

A

Explain the etiology of behaviour

Identify factors that maintain the behaviour

Predict the course of the disorder

Design effective treatments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Factors involved in the etiology may not be involved in

A

its maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In disorders where there is a clear biological cause

A

environmental manipulations may alleviate or prevent
the development of the most serious symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU) found in the diet

A

When detected in newborns, it’s possible to prevent development of severe symptoms like
retardation by administering a diet low in PKU-containing foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

using cognitive therapy methods in depressed & anxious people can change their neurobiology

A

Decreases activation of the amygdala / hippocampal regions associated w/ negative affect

Increased activation of areas involved in cognitive control of negative emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Theories of the etiology of mental disorders

A

Biological
Psychodynamic
Behavioural & Cognitive
Humanistic & Existentialist
Socio-cultural
Integrative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Biological Models

A

Adopt the language of medicine = patients, symptoms, treatments

CNS damage is the focus + PNS dysfunction (somatic + autonomic) + endocrine system dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

CNS

A

Brain has ~100 billion neurons & thousands of billions of glia cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what three brain regions are in the CNS

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

forebrain

A

speech, perception, memory, learning, planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

midbrain

A

reticular activating system = control arousal and attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

hindbrain

A

directs the function og the autonomic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Current theories about the brain bases of abnormal behaviour

A

They focus on the role of neurotransmitters and not neuronal damage

Most research is done on GABA, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Abnormal behaviour can result from disturbances in ligands in many ways

A

Too little / much of the ligand produced or released into the synapse

Too few / many receptors on the dendrites

Too few / many ligand-deactivating subs in the synapse

The reuptake process is too rapid / slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

problems with any of the ligand =

A

alterations in the brain circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

current research shows that disturbance sin the ligan systems have

A

general effects

interactions of ligands and subtypes are related to behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Inferring a causal relationship btw disturbances in ligands & abnormal behaviour

A

Dopamine antagonists are used to treat schizophrenia

neurochemistry and behaviour are bidirectional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Brain Plasticity

A

capacity of the brain to reorganize its circuitry – influenced by
experienced that occur pre- and postnatally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ligand function affects behaviour but

A

behaviour affects neurochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

PNS

A

Somatic and autonomic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Autonomic (ANS)

A

sympathetic + parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

These systems work cooperatively but in terms of stress

A

they act antagonistically

Its response is exaggeratedly strong or remarkably week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Sympathetic

A

readies body for action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Parasympathetic

A

shuts down digestive process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Overactive ANS

A

increase readiness to acquire phobias or other anxiety disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Deficits in regulation of ANS functions can influence

A

disordered behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

patient with GAD tend to show

A

decreased parasympathetic regulation of heart rate &
respiration – also show chronic muscle tension (somatic system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

there’s an inflexibility of

A

the autonomic and somatic systems in GAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

ES and CNS interact in a

A

feedback loop

It maintains homeostatic levels of hormones circulating in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

order of ES2

A

ES
hypothalamus
pituitary (“master gland”)
adrenal cortex
cortisol (anti-inflammatory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

HPA: hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal cortex axis

A

Has been studied in regard to anxiety and depression

It involves the release of cortisol into the bloodstream by the adrenal cortex

It increases the # of intracellular glucocorticoid receptors, leading to anti-inflammatory effects & other survival benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Sensitivity to stress is implicated in

A

the etiology of depression and anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Cretinism

A

dwarf-life appearance and mental disability – result of defective thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

pancreas fails to produce insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Genetics and behaviour

A

Idea that human behaviour is inherited

Inherited features interact with the environment to produce behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Genetic Determinism

A

who a person is, is determined largely by inherited characteristics

55
Q

Behavioural Genetics

A

offers insight into the biological bases of abnormal functioning BUT in psychopathology,
genes confer a liability – not a certainty.

56
Q

Genotype-environment interaction

A

genes may influence behaviour that contribute to environmental stressors which increases the risk of psychopathology

57
Q

what does the G-E interaction suggest

A

a reciprocal relationship between genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors

Neither one can explain the onset of the disorder- A complex interaction of both is required

58
Q

Study: investigated the link between

A

A gene involved in serotonin transmission

Stressful life events
Depression

59
Q

what were the results of the study

A

People with two LL alleles of the gene coped better than people with two SS alleles of the
gene

No direct link between the gene and depression

60
Q

what can be determined from the results of the study

A

people with two SS alleles developed depression only if they also
experienced stressful life events

61
Q

Behavioural research into the genetic bases of psychiatric disorders

A

Family studies – pedigree
 Twin studies
 Adoption studies
 Genetic linkage studies
 Molecular biology studies

62
Q

molecular biology studies

A

When comparing one with another, if the problem arises in both, they are said to be concordant for
the problem. BUT this isn’t always true because environmental influences can be involved

63
Q

(2) Psychodynamic Theories

A

Suggest that behaviour is motivated by unconscious processes acquired during the formative years of life

See the person as having little control over their action (Similar to the biological theories)

64
Q

freud on psychodynamic theories

A

: traumatic experiences early on become repressed because they’re too distressing

65
Q

Features of Freud that determine current behaviour and thinking

A
  1. Levels of consciousness
  2. Structures of personality
  3. Psychosexual stages of development
66
Q

levels of consciousness

A

3 levels
conscious
preconscious
unconscious

67
Q

conscious

A

info that we are aware of

68
Q

preconscious

A

info which we can bring into awareness

69
Q

unconcscious

A

info that can only be brought to awareness with difficulty and techniques

i. Most of our memories, motivations and drives are unconscious

ii. Kept unconscious by Defense Mechanisms

70
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A
  1. The use of these mechanism depleted psychic energy  psych dysfunction
71
Q

structures of personality

A

3 that are in constant conflict
ID
Ego
Superego

72
Q

ID

A

present at birth & contains/represents our biologically instinctual drives

i. Drives that demand instant gratification w/o regard for consequences

ii. Acts according to the pleasure principle

73
Q

Ego

A

first year of life, curbs the desires of the ID so that the person doesn’t suffer

i. It has no concern of right vs. wrong

ii. Concern for avoidance of pain and discomfort + maximization of unpunished pleasure

iii. Acts by the Reality principle

74
Q

superego

A

internalization of the moral standards of society & parents

i. Acts on the Moral Principle

ii. Serves as the person’s conscience by monitoring the ego

75
Q

psychosexual stages of development

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

76
Q

oral

A

birth – 18months, focus on oral activities

77
Q

anal

A

18months – 3yrs, toilet training
cooperation or resistance

78
Q

phallic

A

3-6yrs, Oedipal or Electra complex

79
Q

latency

A

6-12yrs, consolidation of behavioural skills and attitudes

80
Q

genital

A

adolescence, achievement of personal and sexual maturity

81
Q

defense mechanisms

A

repression
regression
projhection
intellectualization
denial
displacement
reaction formation
sublimation

82
Q

repression

A

inability to recall something

83
Q

regression

A

acting childlike

84
Q

projection

A

attributing your own desires to others

85
Q

intellectualization

A

hiding the real issues behind abstract analyses

86
Q

denial

A

refusal to aknowledge

87
Q

displacement

A

angry at your spouse because you got fired ex

88
Q

reaction formation

A

expressing the opposite viewpoint

89
Q

behavioural theories

A

watson

90
Q

what did watson say

A

classicla conditioning is the basis upon which human behaviour is learned

91
Q

stimulus-stimulus learning

A

transfer of a conditioned or unconditioned response from one stimulus to another

92
Q

acquisition of phobias

A

a neutral stimulus, over time and experience, elicits a conditioned fear response

93
Q

what is the problem with watsons view on acquisition of phobias

A

over-generalization

it cannot explain the many facets of phobias

94
Q

two factor theory of conditioning

A

solution by Mowrer

2 types of learning take place in the acquisition and maintenance of phobias

95
Q

classical conditioning

A

establishes the aversive response to a previously neutral stimulus

96
Q

what happens after classical conditioning

A

human avoids the ocnditioned stimulus to prevent fear and is why we prevent extinction

97
Q

operant conditioning skinner

A

all behaviours are guided by consequence

98
Q

positive reinforcement

A

behaviour is increase bc it leads to pleasant consequences

99
Q

neg reinforcement

A

behaviour is increased bc it leads to a reduction of stress

100
Q

pos punishment

A

behaviour is reduced bc it leads to unpleasant experiences

101
Q

neg punishment

A

behviour is reduced due to the removal of something desirable

102
Q

social learning theory

A

learn by observing others rather than by direct personal experience

103
Q

cognitive behavioural theory

A

thinking and behaviour aare learned therefore both can be changed

104
Q

cognitive theories

A

aim to help people shift from unhealthy appraisals to more realistic adaptive ones

105
Q

what is the treatment used in cogntiive theories

A

change schemas and underlying beliefs/ develop mroe realistic and adaptive cognition

106
Q

rational-emotive behavioural therapy

A

consequences of life events are not contigent upon the activating event but are mediated by ones beliefs about these experiences

we can learn to change how we think

107
Q

cognitive theory and therapy

A

emotions and behaviours are influence by perception or cogntiive appraisals of events

108
Q

what are the levels of cognition

A

schemas
information-processing biases and intermediate beliefs
automatic thoughts

109
Q

shcemas

A

early maladaptive schemas can originate from repetitious, aversive experiences in childhood

110
Q

what are the three things schemas do

A

a. Can influence how someone processes life experiences
b. Develop early but don’t become active until triggered by negative life events
c. content specific

111
Q

Content-specific

A

different types of beliefs are considered to be related to different kinds of abnormal behaviour

112
Q

infromation-processing biases and intermediate beliefs

A

a. Selective attention and enhanced memory for info that’s schema-consistent
b. Persistent “if-then” statements
c. All or nothing thinking
d. Inaccurate causal attributions

113
Q

automatic thoughts

A

people who experience psychopathology have a greater # of neg and threat related automatic thougths

114
Q

socio-cultural influences

A

role that society and close others play in the etiology and maintenance of psychiatric disorders

115
Q

stigma

A

 Plays a role in the maintenance
 One of the largest barriers to people seeking treatment

1/5 Canadians have mental health issues – 1/3 seek help

116
Q

lebeling theory

A

a person being identified as having a mental illness results in other people perceiving them
as dysfunctional and different.

117
Q

what does the labelling theory perceive

A

results in the person being treated disadvantageously and disrespectfully

118
Q

public vs self stigma

A

Being aware that there’s a negative perception about mental illness doesn’t alter health-seeking
behaviours

The internalization of these perceptions (self-stigma) hinders help-seeking

119
Q

social support

A

Helps prevent and reduce intensity of psychological problems

Associated with decreased psychiatric symptoms

quality over quantity

120
Q

absence of social support is

A

the causal chain leading to dysfunction

121
Q

gender

A

Many disorders are more prevalent in women and vice versa

Personality disorders – dependent personality or antisocial personality – may be an exaggeration of gender
roles

122
Q

prejudice and lack of opportunity

A

stress in minority and underprivileged populations

123
Q

resentment in race and poverty

A

generation fo behaviours that are viewed by others as antisocial or dysfunctional

124
Q

professionals from priviledged classes are more inclined to

A

apply denigrating diagnoses to patients from lower classes

125
Q

integrative theories

A

integrate biological and environmental factors

126
Q

systems theory

A

the whole is more than the sum of its parts

127
Q

causation is the result of

A

multiple factors interacting

its bidirectional process

128
Q

diathesis-stress perspective

A

predisposition to developing a disorder (diathesis) interacts with the experience of stress
to cause mental disorders

129
Q

The diathesis can be

A

biological or psychological or social

130
Q

a diathesis will not produce a disorder without

A

the trigger of some stress

131
Q

a diathesis allows the possibility that people may develop disorders through

A

the influence of different diatheses and
different stressors

132
Q

biosychosocial methodel

A

biological, psychological and social factors

133
Q

Brain functions have been found to influence and to be influenced by

A

psychological and social processes; This relationship is reciprocal

134
Q

early maladaptive schemas

A
  1. Disconnection and rejection
  2. Impaired autonomy and performance
  3. Impaired limits
  4. Other directedness
  5. Over-vigilance and inhibition
135
Q
A

PSYC 337 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions