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Soil > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

weathering includes

A

destruction and synthesis

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2
Q

new minerals form from

A

minor chemical alterations or complete chemical breakdown of original mineral

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3
Q

physical weathering (disintergreation)is the

A

making of small fragments with same composition of orignal rock

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4
Q

soil formation is stimulated by

A

climate and living organisms acting on parent materials over periods of time and under modifying influence of topography

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5
Q

signs that soil formation is happening

A

accumulation of organic matter in upper horizons,

downward movement of soluble ions,

synthesis and downward movement of clays,

development of soil structure

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6
Q

4 process of soil formation

A

gains, losses, transformations, translocations

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7
Q

erosion allows us to

A

get new parent material

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8
Q

erosion is

A

the lateral movement of materials downslope due to gravity wind and water

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8
Q

What is the first Weathering processes and state

A

Parent material, the initial state of system

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8
Q

What is the second Weathering processes and stateWhat is the first Weathering processes and state

A

the intermediate states, soil formation

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8
Q

what is the final Weathering processes and state

A

mature soil, the final state

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9
Q

Physical weathering

A

or mechanical weathering, the breaking of rocks into smaller particles (soils) without any change in chemical composition

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9
Q

chemical weathering

A

the process by which rocks are decomposed, dissolved, or loosened by chemical processes to form residual material

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9
Q

physical weathering is mainly a result of

A

changes in temperature, pressure, abriasian by water wind ice

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9
Q

evidence of chemical weathering

A

change in color due to dexos, depletion of original materials, alteration of minerals, neoformation of FE, changes in chem

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9
Q

physical weathering most ACTIVE IN WHAT ENVIORNMENT

A

very cold or dry

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9
Q

chemical weathering takes place

A

in wet and hot climates

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10
Q

what are the factors that influence soil formation

A

parent material, climate, biota, topography, time

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11
Q

How are soil horizons made?

A

by weathering

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12
Q

soil is made up of…

A

breakdown products of weathering + organic matter

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13
Q

What allows us to get new parent material

A

erosion

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13
Q

erosion

A

movement of materials downslope due to gravity, wind, water

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14
Q

what is the first part of weathering process

A

parent material, the initial state of system

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15
Q

what is the second part of weathering process

A

intermediate states, or soil formation

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16
Q

what is the third part of weathering process

A

mature soil, final state of system

17
Q

physical weathering is

A

breaking down of rocks into smaller particles (soils) without any change in the chemical composition of the rock

18
Q

Biogeochemical weathering (chemical weathering)

A

rocks being decomposed, dissolved, loosened by chemical processes to form residual material

19
Q

In physical weathering, do the smaller fragments have the same composition as the original rock?

A

yes

20
Q

physical weathering can be caused by

A

temperature, pressure, abrasian by water, wind ice

21
Q

biogeochemical weathering

A

the breakdown of primary minerals and generation of secondary minerals

22
Q

evidence of biogeochemical weathering

A

change in color
depletion of original minerals
alteration of original clay minerals
changes in major element chemistry
changes in chemistry of water flowing through the soil

23
Q

biogeochemical breakdown is enhanced by

A

hydrolysis
hydration
complexation
oxidation-reduction
carbonation

24
Q

hydrolysis

A

destruction of a mineral by reaction of H and OH ions in water

25
Q

hydration

A

chemical combining of mineral with water molecules

26
Q

complexation

A

ion or molecule binds to central metal

27
Q

oxidation reduction

A

loss or gain of elections

28
Q

carbonation

A

dissolution of co2 in water/solution

29
Q

which weathering type is in cold and dry env. mostly

A

physical

30
Q

what time of climate is chemical weathering most intense

A

wet and hot climates

31
Q

What factors influence soil formation

A

parent material, climate, biota, topography, time

31
Q

How do the two weathering methods work together?

A

physical weathering leads to increase of surface area for chemical weathering

32
Q

What is parent material

A

the starting point for soil formation

33
Q

igneous

A

formed from molten lava

34
Q

sedimentary

A

formed when weathering products released from older rocks eventually form new rock

35
Q

metamorphic

A

formed from older parent rock under heat or pressure in earths interior

36
Q

darker minerals form…

A

soils faster and more nutrients

37
Q

what mineral is most resistant to weathering

A

quartz

38
Q

what primary mineral is least resistant to weathering

A

olivine

39
Q

minerals

A

collection of elements with definite chemical composition and crystal structure

40
Q

rocks

A

collection of one or more minerals

41
Q

classification of parent material

A

by type of rock
by mode of placement

42
Q

what are the two modes of placement in classification of parent material

A

residual and transporter

43
Q

residual mode of placement

A

formed in place from native rock

44
Q

transported by mode of placement

A

move by water ice wind or gravity

45
Q

For every 10C rise in tempt. the rates of biochemical rections

A

double

46
Q

high rainfall and high temperatures means

A

strong weathering

47
Q

low rain fall high temp means

A

little weathering

48
Q

low temp. mid rain fall means

A

strong weathering

49
Q

does natural vegetation have effect on soil

A

yas

50
Q

what is the effect of cultivation on soils

A

surface layers mixed by tillage, fast transformation of slil characteristics

51
Q

Aspect

A

where you face the sun and how long

52
Q
A

Soil (4 decks)

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