Chapter 2 Flashcards
what are the characteristics of skills
ACEFACE
aesthetically pleasing
consistent
efficient
fluent
accurate
controlled
economical
what is a fine skill
- small muscle groups
- precise movements
- high levels of hand eye coordination
example - DARTS
what is a gross skill
- large muscle groups
- not very precise
- include more functional movement
example - RUGBY TACKLE
what is an open skill
- externally paced
- not stable / predictable environment
- interfered with by external factors
example - CENTRE PASS IN NETBALL
what is closed skill
- internally paced
- environment stable and predictable
- not altered by external factors
example - TENNIS SERVE
what is a discrete skill
- clear begining and end
example - TENNIS SERVE
what is a serial skill
- several discrete skills linked
example - GYM ROUTINE
what is a continuous skill
- no clear beginning and end
example - CYCLING
what is a self paced skill
- performer controls the speed rate and pace at which the skill is executed at
example - PENALTY KICK IN FOOTBALL
what is an externally paced skill
- the beginner has no control over when them skill is started pr how fast it must be performed
example - 100M RACE WITH SHOT GUN and CRICKET SHOT
what is a high organisation skill
- not easily broken down into parts
example - FOOTBALL VOLLEY
what is a low organisation skill
- easily broken down
- positioning can be easily identified and practised separately if needed
example - TRIPPLE JUMP and GYM ROUTINE
what is a simple skill
- few decisions
- little attention / cognitive ability
example -FOWARD ROLL
what is a complex skill
- lots of decisions
- large attention span
- complicated , practiced in training repeatedly to make them easier to perm in comps
example -HOCLEY DRIBBLE
define positive transfer of learning
a previously learnt skill will help / enhance / aid the learning of a new skill
define negative transfer of learning
a previously linked skill will hinder the learning of the technique of a new skill
define zero transfer of learning
previously learnt skills have no impact upon the skill being learnt due to the differences in the skill
define bilateral transfer of learning
the practice on a limb on one side of the body improves the other side
how can a coach make sure that successful transfer of learning takes place (6 ways)
- eliminate bad habits
- have stages of progression
- original task is learnt effectively
-identify points that may hinder the learning - ensure practice is safe
- ensure performer is motivated / confident
what is whole practice
skill is performed at once without breaking it down
performers gets the feel for the whole task
when should you use whole practice
when skill is
fast
closed
discrete
self paced
simple
high organised
what are the advantages of whole practice
-more realistic than splitting up the practice which helps to produce positive transfer between skills in training and those in action
- develops kinaesthesis or understanding
-keeps links between sub routines
what are the disadvantages of whole practice
not suitable for beginners
too much information at once beyond the capabilities of the performer
example of a whole practice skill
tennis serve
what is whole- part- whole practice
attempt , breakdown , put back together
can focus on weakness in the skill
when should you use whole-part-whole
complex
fast/ballistic
difficult to isolate
what are the advantages of whole- part- whole practice
able to highlight specific weaknesses and work on them
successful integration of point into whole action
what are the disadvantages of whole- part- whole practice
time consuming
may provide negative transfer of learning if it is not integrated effectively
some skills cannot be broken down
what is an example of whole-part-whole practice
Golf swing when the performer has a poor grip
what is progressive part practice
“chaining” - each part of the skill is added gradually
when should you use progressive part practice
when skill is
complex
serial
externally paced
low organised
what are the advantages of progressive part practice?
reduces danger
reduces fatigue
reduces demands
focus on weaknesses
the stages of success give motivation
keeps links between parts
what are the disadvantages of progressive part practice?
time consuming if the first part is incorrect , all is lost - negative transfer
example of progressive part practice
dance routine
what is massed practice
no rest intervals
when is massed practice used
when skill is
discrete
simple
closed
high organisation
self paced
advantages of massed practice
forms motor programmes
increases fitness
efficient
good for habitual responses
disadvantages of massed practice
no time for feedback
fatigue
too demanding
examples of massed practice
basketball player practicing a free throw
what is distributed practice
rest intervals between sessions
when is distributed practice used?
when skill is
complex
continuous
low organised
can break it down
serial
externally paced
advantages of distributed practice
allows recovery
less mental pressure
reduces danger
allows mental rehearsal / feedback
disadvantages of distributed practice
time consuming
negative transfer
example of distributed practice
a swimmer practicing stroke technique in training
what is varied practice
changing the skills and drills changing the type of practice
when is varied practice used
when skill is
externally paced
complex easy part at first then add
open
advantages of varied practice
builds a schema
gives motivation
allows adaptation
disadvantages of varied practice
time consuming
possibility of a negative transfer
fatigue
too demanding
examples of varied practice
players practicing a football pass
what is mental practice
go over it in the mind without movement
when to use mental practice
novice ; basics in parts usually during rest in distributed practice
experts: whole task do it for real
two ways
- internal ; emotions
-external; mental picture of the environment
advantages of mental practice
improves reaction time
builds motor programmes
builds confidence
controlls anxiety
disadvantages of mental practice
must be correct
environment must be calm
example of mental practice
a performer on the trampoline going over the routine before competition
define skill
a learned ability to bring about pre determined results with the minimum outlay of time energy or both
what is cognitive stage of learning
no motor programme, un coordinated movement
what is associative stage of learning
motor programme forming , smoother movement
what is autonomous stage of learning
motor programme formed , automatic control
what is the learning plateau
a period during performance where there is no sign of improvement - illustrated in a graph called the learning curve
what are the main causes of the learning plateau and what are the cures
cause
1lack of motivation- lack of incentives of extrinsic rewards
2fatuige - if same muscles are used
3poor coaching - coach may issue incorrect instructions or practice methods
4bordem-repetitive nature of a closed skill
5targets too low- does not allow learner to use their full set of skills
6limit of ability-met extent of their ability
cure
1more praise in feedback
2 rest
3new coach
4diffeent practices
5make it a challenge
6explain the plateau concept
what is visual guidance
a demo of the task is required
creates a mental image for reference for future practice
shown from different angles
within capability of the performer
advantages of visual guidance
can be used to highlight a specific weakness
shows what the skill should look like as a result of practice
creates a mental image
always used in conjunction with verbal guidance
disadvantages of visual guidance
demo must be completely accurate otherwise it may be copied incorrectly
if too much info is given then performer may become confused
steady and slows are keys to visual guidance
what is verbal guidance
explanation of the task
can be used by a more experienced performer when technical detailed advice
is given to compliment the actions in practice
prompt to ensure the correct actions are displayed
positive feedback for a novice and detailed and negative for an expert
disadvantages of verbal guidance
if too much info given to performer it may put too much demand on mental capacity to remember
what is manual guidance
physical support e.g. - holding a gymnast during a headstand
it can involve a forced response e.g. when the coach holds the arm of a tennis payer help her learn the movement of a forehand stroke
advantages of manual guidance
helps eliminate danger e.g. preventing a fall
helps build confidence for the performer
gain a feel for the whole task
reduction in fear and anxiety
skills can be broken down -with the coach supporting
disadvantages of manual guidance
too much reliance on physical support could cause bad habits
can depend on support to much losing confidence
close proximity of coach to performer may be off- putting
what is mechanical guidnace
a device is used to aid perform e.g. arm bands in swimming
form of physical support
advantages of mechanical guidance
builds confidence
successful completion of task gives performer as sense they can do it
helps eliminate danger
helps to prevent injury
gives early feel to the whole skill - alerts senses to the movements of the task
can be used for those recovering from injury / disabled athletes - a steeping stone for further improvement
disadvantages of mechanical guidance
performer might depend on it too much - loss of confidence
motivation could be lost if skill is not completed correctly
if used for too long it can interfere with the feel of the whole task
who came up with operant conditioning
Skinner (1948)
what are the 3 main points to operant conditioning
1.based on trial and error
2.shapes behaviour
3.manipulates the environment
what is the S-R bond
- works by strengthening the link between the stimulus and the response
example to learn of S-R bond
badminton if the shuttle cock is returned high and into the middle of the court the best response would be to do a smash shot
what are the other 3 things included in operant conditioning
(hint-reinforcement)
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment
what is POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
a pleasant stimulus is given to improve the likelihood of positives Reponses in the future
Negative reinforcement
a response/behaviour is strengthened by stopping removing or avoiding a negative outcome.
negative criticism is withdrawn when the performer does well
punishment
coach gives an unpleasant stimulus to stop incorrect responses from happening again
e.g red card football
who came up with observational learning
bandura (1977)
what is observational learning
suggests that both acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learned by watching and copying other people
how would a coach use operant conditioning to copy behaviour to their advantage
by using strategies such as demonstrations and role models , used to show accurate skills , ensure successful copies responses
what are the 4 different processes in observational learning
1attention
2retention
3motor production
4motivation
what is process 1 attention explain
more attractive demo= more likely to be copied
performer takes notes
make sure info is correct
teach the the tactics behind the skill their learning
what is process 2 retention explain
ability to remember important info and recall it from memory
break demo down into chunks
what is process 3 motor production explain
making sure player is physically capable of copying the demo
beginner=easier
advanced=harder
players should be given time to practice and learn before moving onto the next part of the task
what is process 4 motivation explain
drive needed to copy the demo
what did Vygotsky develop
social cultural development
what are the 3 stages of proximal development
1 what can i do alone?
2 what can i do with help ?
3 what can i not yet do ?
what is constructivism
this is within intra psychological stage
- leaner will evaluate own level and asses what is required to move onto next level
- learner uses zones of proximal development to asses next stages of learning the skill
who came up with insight learning theories
gestaltist
what did the insight learning theory mean
concentrate on whole rather than parts - useful in realistic situations
performer uses existing knowledge to form an idea of how to dela with a problematic sporting situation
features of the insight learning theory
not trial and error
may provide self satisfaction and intrinsic motivation as performer has worked out the tactic by themselves
