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P.E active recall > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the characteristics of skills

A

ACEFACE
aesthetically pleasing
consistent
efficient
fluent
accurate
controlled
economical

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2
Q

what is a fine skill

A
  • small muscle groups
  • precise movements
  • high levels of hand eye coordination
    example - DARTS
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3
Q

what is a gross skill

A
  • large muscle groups
  • not very precise
  • include more functional movement
    example - RUGBY TACKLE
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4
Q

what is an open skill

A
  • externally paced
  • not stable / predictable environment
  • interfered with by external factors
    example - CENTRE PASS IN NETBALL
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5
Q

what is closed skill

A
  • internally paced
  • environment stable and predictable
  • not altered by external factors
    example - TENNIS SERVE
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6
Q

what is a discrete skill

A
  • clear begining and end
    example - TENNIS SERVE
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7
Q

what is a serial skill

A
  • several discrete skills linked
    example - GYM ROUTINE
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8
Q

what is a continuous skill

A
  • no clear beginning and end
    example - CYCLING
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9
Q

what is a self paced skill

A
  • performer controls the speed rate and pace at which the skill is executed at
    example - PENALTY KICK IN FOOTBALL
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10
Q

what is an externally paced skill

A
  • the beginner has no control over when them skill is started pr how fast it must be performed
    example - 100M RACE WITH SHOT GUN and CRICKET SHOT
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11
Q

what is a high organisation skill

A
  • not easily broken down into parts
    example - FOOTBALL VOLLEY
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12
Q

what is a low organisation skill

A
  • easily broken down
  • positioning can be easily identified and practised separately if needed
    example - TRIPPLE JUMP and GYM ROUTINE
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13
Q

what is a simple skill

A
  • few decisions
  • little attention / cognitive ability
    example -FOWARD ROLL
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14
Q

what is a complex skill

A
  • lots of decisions
  • large attention span
  • complicated , practiced in training repeatedly to make them easier to perm in comps
    example -HOCLEY DRIBBLE
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15
Q

define positive transfer of learning

A

a previously learnt skill will help / enhance / aid the learning of a new skill

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16
Q

define negative transfer of learning

A

a previously linked skill will hinder the learning of the technique of a new skill

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17
Q

define zero transfer of learning

A

previously learnt skills have no impact upon the skill being learnt due to the differences in the skill

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18
Q

define bilateral transfer of learning

A

the practice on a limb on one side of the body improves the other side

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19
Q

how can a coach make sure that successful transfer of learning takes place (6 ways)

A
  • eliminate bad habits
  • have stages of progression
  • original task is learnt effectively
    -identify points that may hinder the learning
  • ensure practice is safe
  • ensure performer is motivated / confident
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20
Q

what is whole practice

A

skill is performed at once without breaking it down
performers gets the feel for the whole task

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21
Q

when should you use whole practice

A

when skill is
fast
closed
discrete
self paced
simple
high organised

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22
Q

what are the advantages of whole practice

A

-more realistic than splitting up the practice which helps to produce positive transfer between skills in training and those in action
- develops kinaesthesis or understanding
-keeps links between sub routines

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23
Q

what are the disadvantages of whole practice

A

not suitable for beginners
too much information at once beyond the capabilities of the performer

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24
Q

example of a whole practice skill

A

tennis serve

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25
Q

what is whole- part- whole practice

A

attempt , breakdown , put back together
can focus on weakness in the skill

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26
Q

when should you use whole-part-whole

A

complex
fast/ballistic
difficult to isolate

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27
Q

what are the advantages of whole- part- whole practice

A

able to highlight specific weaknesses and work on them
successful integration of point into whole action

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28
Q

what are the disadvantages of whole- part- whole practice

A

time consuming
may provide negative transfer of learning if it is not integrated effectively
some skills cannot be broken down

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29
Q

what is an example of whole-part-whole practice

A

Golf swing when the performer has a poor grip

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30
Q

what is progressive part practice

A

“chaining” - each part of the skill is added gradually

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31
Q

when should you use progressive part practice

A

when skill is
complex
serial
externally paced
low organised

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32
Q

what are the advantages of progressive part practice?

A

reduces danger
reduces fatigue
reduces demands
focus on weaknesses
the stages of success give motivation
keeps links between parts

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33
Q

what are the disadvantages of progressive part practice?

A

time consuming if the first part is incorrect , all is lost - negative transfer

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34
Q

example of progressive part practice

A

dance routine

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35
Q

what is massed practice

A

no rest intervals

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36
Q

when is massed practice used

A

when skill is
discrete
simple
closed
high organisation
self paced

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37
Q

advantages of massed practice

A

forms motor programmes
increases fitness
efficient
good for habitual responses

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38
Q

disadvantages of massed practice

A

no time for feedback
fatigue
too demanding

39
Q

examples of massed practice

A

basketball player practicing a free throw

40
Q

what is distributed practice

A

rest intervals between sessions

41
Q

when is distributed practice used?

A

when skill is
complex
continuous
low organised
can break it down
serial
externally paced

42
Q

advantages of distributed practice

A

allows recovery
less mental pressure
reduces danger
allows mental rehearsal / feedback

43
Q

disadvantages of distributed practice

A

time consuming
negative transfer

44
Q

example of distributed practice

A

a swimmer practicing stroke technique in training

45
Q

what is varied practice

A

changing the skills and drills changing the type of practice

46
Q

when is varied practice used

A

when skill is
externally paced
complex easy part at first then add
open

47
Q

advantages of varied practice

A

builds a schema
gives motivation
allows adaptation

48
Q

disadvantages of varied practice

A

time consuming
possibility of a negative transfer
fatigue
too demanding

49
Q

examples of varied practice

A

players practicing a football pass

50
Q

what is mental practice

A

go over it in the mind without movement

51
Q

when to use mental practice

A

novice ; basics in parts usually during rest in distributed practice
experts: whole task do it for real
two ways
- internal ; emotions
-external; mental picture of the environment

52
Q

advantages of mental practice

A

improves reaction time
builds motor programmes
builds confidence
controlls anxiety

53
Q

disadvantages of mental practice

A

must be correct
environment must be calm

54
Q

example of mental practice

A

a performer on the trampoline going over the routine before competition

55
Q

define skill

A

a learned ability to bring about pre determined results with the minimum outlay of time energy or both

56
Q

what is cognitive stage of learning

A

no motor programme, un coordinated movement

57
Q

what is associative stage of learning

A

motor programme forming , smoother movement

58
Q

what is autonomous stage of learning

A

motor programme formed , automatic control

59
Q

what is the learning plateau

A

a period during performance where there is no sign of improvement - illustrated in a graph called the learning curve

60
Q

what are the main causes of the learning plateau and what are the cures

A

cause
1lack of motivation- lack of incentives of extrinsic rewards
2fatuige - if same muscles are used
3poor coaching - coach may issue incorrect instructions or practice methods
4bordem-repetitive nature of a closed skill
5targets too low- does not allow learner to use their full set of skills
6limit of ability-met extent of their ability

cure
1more praise in feedback
2 rest
3new coach
4diffeent practices
5make it a challenge
6explain the plateau concept

61
Q

what is visual guidance

A

a demo of the task is required
creates a mental image for reference for future practice
shown from different angles
within capability of the performer

62
Q

advantages of visual guidance

A

can be used to highlight a specific weakness
shows what the skill should look like as a result of practice
creates a mental image
always used in conjunction with verbal guidance

63
Q

disadvantages of visual guidance

A

demo must be completely accurate otherwise it may be copied incorrectly
if too much info is given then performer may become confused
steady and slows are keys to visual guidance

64
Q

what is verbal guidance

A

explanation of the task
can be used by a more experienced performer when technical detailed advice
is given to compliment the actions in practice
prompt to ensure the correct actions are displayed
positive feedback for a novice and detailed and negative for an expert

65
Q

disadvantages of verbal guidance

A

if too much info given to performer it may put too much demand on mental capacity to remember

66
Q

what is manual guidance

A

physical support e.g. - holding a gymnast during a headstand
it can involve a forced response e.g. when the coach holds the arm of a tennis payer help her learn the movement of a forehand stroke

67
Q

advantages of manual guidance

A

helps eliminate danger e.g. preventing a fall
helps build confidence for the performer
gain a feel for the whole task
reduction in fear and anxiety
skills can be broken down -with the coach supporting

68
Q

disadvantages of manual guidance

A

too much reliance on physical support could cause bad habits
can depend on support to much losing confidence
close proximity of coach to performer may be off- putting

69
Q

what is mechanical guidnace

A

a device is used to aid perform e.g. arm bands in swimming
form of physical support

70
Q

advantages of mechanical guidance

A

builds confidence
successful completion of task gives performer as sense they can do it
helps eliminate danger
helps to prevent injury
gives early feel to the whole skill - alerts senses to the movements of the task
can be used for those recovering from injury / disabled athletes - a steeping stone for further improvement

71
Q

disadvantages of mechanical guidance

A

performer might depend on it too much - loss of confidence
motivation could be lost if skill is not completed correctly
if used for too long it can interfere with the feel of the whole task

72
Q

who came up with operant conditioning

A

Skinner (1948)

73
Q

what are the 3 main points to operant conditioning

A

1.based on trial and error
2.shapes behaviour
3.manipulates the environment

74
Q

what is the S-R bond

A
  • works by strengthening the link between the stimulus and the response
75
Q

example to learn of S-R bond

A

badminton if the shuttle cock is returned high and into the middle of the court the best response would be to do a smash shot

76
Q

what are the other 3 things included in operant conditioning
(hint-reinforcement)

A

positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment

77
Q

what is POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

A

a pleasant stimulus is given to improve the likelihood of positives Reponses in the future

78
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

a response/behaviour is strengthened by stopping removing or avoiding a negative outcome.
negative criticism is withdrawn when the performer does well

79
Q

punishment

A

coach gives an unpleasant stimulus to stop incorrect responses from happening again
e.g red card football

80
Q

who came up with observational learning

A

bandura (1977)

81
Q

what is observational learning

A

suggests that both acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learned by watching and copying other people

82
Q

how would a coach use operant conditioning to copy behaviour to their advantage

A

by using strategies such as demonstrations and role models , used to show accurate skills , ensure successful copies responses

83
Q

what are the 4 different processes in observational learning

A

1attention
2retention
3motor production
4motivation

84
Q

what is process 1 attention explain

A

more attractive demo= more likely to be copied
performer takes notes
make sure info is correct
teach the the tactics behind the skill their learning

85
Q

what is process 2 retention explain

A

ability to remember important info and recall it from memory
break demo down into chunks

86
Q

what is process 3 motor production explain

A

making sure player is physically capable of copying the demo
beginner=easier
advanced=harder
players should be given time to practice and learn before moving onto the next part of the task

87
Q

what is process 4 motivation explain

A

drive needed to copy the demo

88
Q

what did Vygotsky develop

A

social cultural development

89
Q

what are the 3 stages of proximal development

A

1 what can i do alone?
2 what can i do with help ?
3 what can i not yet do ?

90
Q

what is constructivism

A

this is within intra psychological stage
- leaner will evaluate own level and asses what is required to move onto next level
- learner uses zones of proximal development to asses next stages of learning the skill

91
Q

who came up with insight learning theories

A

gestaltist

92
Q

what did the insight learning theory mean

A

concentrate on whole rather than parts - useful in realistic situations
performer uses existing knowledge to form an idea of how to dela with a problematic sporting situation

93
Q

features of the insight learning theory

A

not trial and error
may provide self satisfaction and intrinsic motivation as performer has worked out the tactic by themselves

94
Q
A

P.E active recall (6 decks)

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