Chapter 1 Flashcards
what does the vena cava do
brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium
what does the pulmonary vien do
delivers oxygentaed blood to the left atrium
what does the pulmonary artery do
leaves right ventricle with deoxygenated blood and delivers it to the lungs and aorta
what does the aorta do
leaves the left ventricle with oxygenate blood and takes it to the body
where is the tricuspid valve located
between right atrium and left atrium
where is the bicuspid valve located
between left atrium and left ventricle
where are the semilunar valves located
between right ventricle and left ventricle and aorta and pulmonary vien
what are the 3 roles of veins
ensure blood flows in 1 direction
open to allow blood to pass through
close to prevent backflow
how does the heart control the rate at which it beats
the SAN creates impulse both atria contract (systole)
impulse reaches AV node
impulse sent on the bundle of HIS
achieve ventricular systole
CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
What does:
Sally
Always
Aims
Balls
Past
Vicky
stand for ?
SAN
Atrial systole
AV node
Bundle of HIS
Purkinge fibres
Ventricular systole
what do chemoreceptors do
detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in C02
increased C02 concentration in blood will stimulate the sympathetic nervous system so the heart will beat faster
what do baroreceptors do ?
respond to the strecthing of the arterial wall caused by changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate.
establish a set point for blood preussure
what does an increase in arterial pressure mean
causes an increase in in the stretch of the baroreceptors and results in a decreased heart rate
what does an decrease in arterial pressure mean
causes an decrease in in the stretch of the baroreceptors and results in a increased heart rate
what happnes to the baroreceptors set point during exercise
it increases as the body does not want the heart rate to slow down as this would negatively affect performance
what do proprioeceptors do
located in the muscles and provide information about movement and body position
at the start of exercise they detect an increase in muscle movement these receptors then send an impulse to the medulla witch sends an impulse through the sympathetic nervous system to the SA node to increase heart rate
define adrenaline
stress hormone released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerves during exercise
define stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped out the heart ventricles in each contraction
define venous return
volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins if venous return increases so does stroke volume
cardiac output =
stroke volume x heart rate
what are the 5 steps to starlings law
increased venous return
greater diastole filling of the heart
cardiac muscle stretched
more force of contraction
increased ejection fraction
what is the equation for ejection fraction
amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle / total amount of blood in the ventricle
define cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute
what is ml -> l
divide by 1000
what are the key points to cardiovascualr drift
prolonged steady state + 10 mins
sweat more so fluid loss so lower plasma volume
reduces venous return
reduces stroke volume
heart rate increases to cool body down by creating more energy to do this
ways to prevent cardiovascular drift
fluids
rehydration (lucozade)
what is high blood pressure
force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall
puts extra strain on the arteires
what problems can occur from high blood pressure if not treated
heart attack
heart failure
kidney disease
stroke
dementia
how do you lower blood pressure
regular exercise lowers both systolic and systolic blood pressure.
what is LDL
transports cholesterol in the blood to the tissues and are classed as bad cholesterol since they are linked to an increased risk of heart disease
what is HDL
transport extra cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down, these are classed as good cholesterol since they lower the risk of developing heart disease
how does regular physical activity help cholesterol
lower LDL but increases HDL
what is coronary heart disease
coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart
disease is when arteries become blocked or start to narrow because of the gradual build up of fatty deposits this is known as (atheroma)/ ()atherosclerosis)
less oxygen can then be delivered to the heart so the heart will have to beat harder and faster to provide the body with oxygen
what can coronary heart disease casue
high blood pressure
high cholesterol
what can cause coronary heart disease
lack of exercise and smoking
what is angia
chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the arteries is restricted
how to prevent cornoary heart disease
regular exercise as thus helps maintain the flexibility of the blood vessels ensuring good blood flow to the heart and body
why does a stroke occur
when the blood supply to the brain is cut off causing damage to the brain cells so they start to die
what can a stroke lead to
death , disability and brain injury
what is an ischaemic stroke
most common form and occur when a blood vessel supplying the brain bursts
what is a haemorrhagic
occur when a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts
how to decrease chance of stroke
regular exercise as it lowers blood pressure helps you you maintain a heathy weight which can reduce risk of stroke by 27%
define hypertrophy
the thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger
define bradycardia
a decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per min
what are the 2 types of circulation
pulmonary and systemic
what is pulmonary circulation
deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart
what is systematic circulation
oxygenated blood to the body from the heart then the return of deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
what is the order of blood vessels that carry the blood to and from the heart
heart - arteries- arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - heart
what is the average blood pressure
120mmgh/80
blood pressure =
blood flow x resistance
what are the 6 venous return mechanisms
1.skeletal muscle pump
2.the respiratory pump
3.pocket valves
4.thin layer of smooth muscle in walls of veins which helps squeeze blood back to the heart
5. gravity helps the blood return to the heart from the upper body
6.the suction pump action of the heart
what does the skeletal muscle pump do
muscles contracting and relaxing pressing on nearby veins and causing a pumping effect. this squeezes blood back to the heart
what does the respiratory pump do
when muscles contract druing breating in and out pressure changes occur in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. This compresses nearby veins and assists blood flowing back
what do pocket valves do
they close once blood has passed through to prevent blood flowing backwards
why does blood flow to the brain remain the same at exercise and during rest
remains constant to ensure brain function is maintained as the brain needs oxygen for energy
why should an athlete nit eat at least one hour before competition
a full gut would result in more blood being directed to the stomach instead of the working muscles and this would have a detrimental affect on performance as less oxygen is being made avalible so athlete will fatuige quicker
what are the characteristics of capillaries
1 cell thick
aid diffusion
what are the characteristics of arteries
thick elastic muscular walls
small lumen
what are the characteristics of veins
large lumen
valves
thin outer wall
what are some factors that are responsible for the Bohr shift
increase in blood temp
partial pressure of co2 increases
more carbon dioxide lowers blood ph
what are the 2 types of circulation
pulmonary - heart to lungs
systemic-heart to body
what is avo2 diff
the difference the oxygen content on the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles
is avo2 high or low at rest
low as not much oxygen is required to the working muscles
what is the diffusion pathway of oxygen
alveoli - blood - muscles
what is the diffusion pathway of co2
muscles - blood - alveoli
what does the inspiratory centre do
inspiration and expiration
sends out nerve impulses via phrenic nerve to diaphragm and external intercostals to cause a contraction. stimulation = 2 secs approx.
then they stop and passive expiration occurs due to elastic recoil of the lungs
what are the other factors affecting neural control of breathing
mechanical - proprioceptors located in joints and muscles provide feedback to the respiratory centre.
baroreceptors- decrease blood pressure in the aorta and carotid arteries - increases breathing rate
stretch receptors- lungs are stretched more during exercise , stretch receptors prevent over inflammation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre , to the intercostal nerve and to the expiratory muscles(abdominals and intercostals )
what are the 3 impacts of smoking
- irritates the trachea and bronchi
- reduces lung function
- increases breathlessness
what does smoking to to the body
damages the cells lining the trachea the bronchi, bronchioles. mucus will build up as the little microscopic hairs that push it along will get blocked up this leads to smokers cough
what happens if smoking damages alveoili walls
they are forced to join up making larger air sacs. this reduces the efficiency of gaseous exchange oxygen carrying capacity in the haemoglobin is reduced as it teams up with carbon monoxide from the cigarette. this all leads to COPD
smoking can increase your chances of ?
asthma
emphysema
shortness of breath
COPD
narrow airways
what are the impacts of smoking on performance
decreases co2 supply to the working muscles
decreases efficiency of the respiratory system
works against long term affects from involvement in physical education
impairs performance , mainly endurance and high intensity
what are the types of muscle firbres
slow oxidative (slow twitch)
fast oxidative glycolytic(type IIA)
fast glycolytic(IIB)
what are slow twitch muscle fibres type 1
slower contraction speed than fast twitch muscle fibres and are better adapted to lower intensity exercise such as long distance running
produce most of their energy aerobically
they have specific characteristics that allow them to use oxygen more effectively
what are fast twitch muscle fibres
much faster contraction speed and can generate a greater force of contraction
fatigue very quickly and are used for short intense burst of effort
produce most of their energy anaerobically
what are type IIA
more resistant to fatigue and are used for events such as the 1500m in athletics where a longer burst of energy is needed
GAMES PLAYER
what are type IIB
these fibres fatigue much quicker and are used for highly explosive events such as 100m in athletics when a quick short burst of energy is needed
what are the functional characteristics for type 1 muscle fibres (slow twitch)
slow contraction speed
slow motor neurone conduction capacity
low force produced
low fatiguability
very high aerobic capacity
low anaerobic capacity
low glycolytic enzyme activity
what are the structural characteristics for type 1 muscle fibres (slow twitch)
small motor neurone size
high mitochondrial density
high myoglobin content
high capillaty density
what are the functional characteristics of type 11A muscle fibres
fast contraction speed
fast motor neurone conduction capacity
high force produced
medium fatigability
medium aerobic capacity
high anaerobic capacity
high glycolytic enzyme activity
what are the structural characteristics of type 11A muscle fibres
large motor neurone size
medium mitochondrial density
medium myoglobin content
medium capillary density
what are the functional characteristics of type 11B muscle fibres
fast contraction speed
fast motor neurone conduction capacity
high force produced
high fatigability
low aerobic capacity
very high anaerobic capacity
very high glycolytic enzyme activity
what does the autonomic NS mean
involuntary
what is the peripheral NS
all the nerves and nerve cells outside your CNS make up the peripheral nervous system
what is the all or none law
- once the motor neurone stimulates the muscle fibres they either all contact or none of them contract
- it cannot partially contract
3.minimum amount of stimulation is needed to stat the contraction - if the sequence of impulses is equal or more than the threshold , the muscle will contract.
- if the sequence of impulses is less than the threshold , then no movement will take place.
what are fine motor units
small muscle is used
e.g movements of the eye will have only a few fibres per motor neurone
what are gross motor units
large muscles are used
e.g using our quadriceps when leg is extended tis will have a motor unit feeding hundreds if fibres
What are the 3 ways to increase the strength of contraction
wave summation- repeated nerve impulse so no time to relax so smooth contraction occurs
tetanic contraction -sustained muscle contraction - series of fast repeating stimuli
spatial summation- strength of contraction changes by alternating the number and size of the muscle motor units
describe wave summation in detail
- greater frequency of stimuli the greater the tension in the muscle
- when a nerve impulse reaches the muscle cell calcium is released. calcium needs to be present for a muscle to contract
- if the nerve impulses are continuous with no time to relax calcium will build up in the muscle cell
- this allows a forceful , sustained , smooth contraction which is referred to as a tectanic contraction
describe spatial summation in detail
- when impulses are received at the same time at different places on the neurone which all add up to fire the neurone
- recruits additional and bigger motor units within a muscle to develop a larger force
twitch =
a single stimulus is delivered - the muscle contacts and relaxes
Cerebellum =
cell in the brain
Motor neurones=
nerve cells which transmit the brain’s instructions as electrical impulses to the muscles
Motor end plates/neuromuscular junction=
these are connected to the fibre to pass the message down
Motor unit=
a motor neurone and its muscle fibres
describe how the motor unit works
Muscle fibres are grouped into motor units
A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and its muscle fibres
The motor neuron transmits the impulse to the muscle fibre
Each motor neurone has branches that end in the neuromuscular junction on the muscle fibre
how many bones are in the body
206
name the 27 bones we need to know
cranium
mandible
cervical vertebrae
clavicle
sternum
scapula
ribs
thoracic v
lumber v
humerus
radius
ulna
pelvis
sacrum
coxix
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
ischium
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
talus
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
what joint type is at the ankle and what are the articulating bones
hinge joint
articulating bones: talus , tibia , fibula
what joint type is at the knee and what are the articulating bones
hinge joint
articulating bones : femur, tibia
what joint type is at the hip and what are the articulating bones
ball and socket joint
articulating bones : femur pelvis
what joint type is at the shoulder and what are the articulating bones
ball and socket joint
articulating bones : humerus and scapula
what joint type is at the elbow and what are the articulating bones
hinge joint
articulating bones: humerus ulna and radius
define plantar flexion
pointing the toes/pushing up onto your toes
define dorsi flexion
pulling the toes up to the shin
define flexion
decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint
define extension
increasing the angle between the bones of a joint
define hyperextension
increasing the angle beyond 180 between the bones of joint
define abducton
movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
define adduction
movement of a body part towards the midline of the body
define sagittal plane and what movement goes with it
divides the body into right and left halves
extension and flexion
define frontal plane and what movement goes with it
divides the body into front and back halves
abduction and adduction
define transverse plane and what movement goes with it
divides the body into upper and lower halves
rotation and horizontal ab+aduction
define transverse axis and what movement goes with it
runs from side to side across the body
extension and flexion
define sagittal axis and what movement goes with it
this runs from front to back
abduction and adduction
define longitudal axis and what movement goes with it
runs from top to bottom
rotation horizontal ab + adduction
define agonist
the muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occurring
define antagonist
the muscle that works in opposition to the agonist
what planes and axis go together
sagittal plane and transverse axis
frontal plane and sagittal axis
transverse plane and longitudal axis
what is the agonist and antagonist at the elbow during flexion
agonist-bicep brachii
antagonist-triceps brachii
what is the agonist and antagonist at the elbow during extension
agonist- triceps brachii
antagonist- bicep brachii
what is the agonist and antagonist at the ankle during plantar-flexion
agonist - gastrocnemius
antagonist- tibialas anterior
what is the agonist and antagonist at the ankle during dorsi-flexion
agonist - tibialas anterior
antagonist - gastrocnemius
what is the agonist and antagonist at the knee during flexion
agonist- hamstring
antagonist- quadriceps
what is the agonist and antagonist at the knee during extension
agonist- quadriceps
antagonist- hamstring
what is the agonist and antagonist at the hip during flexion
agonist- hip flexor / iliopsoas
antagonist-gluteal
what is the agonist and antagonist at the hip during hyper extension
agonist- gluteals
antagonist-hip flexor / ilipsoas
what is the agonist and antagonist at the hip adduction
agonist- adductors
antagonist-tensor fasci latae and gluteals
what is the agonist and antagonist at the hip abduction
agonist- tensor fasci latae and gluteals
antagonist- adductors
what is the agonist and antagonist at the hip during horizontal adduction
agonist- adductors
antagonist-tensor fasci latae and gluteals
what is the agonist and antagonist at the hip during horizontal abduction
agonist- tensor fasci latae and gluteals
antagonist-adductors
what is the agonist and antagonist at the shoulder during flexion
agonist- anterior deltoid
antagonist-latissimus dorsi
what is the agonist and antagonist at the shoulder during hyper extension
agonist- latissimus dorsi
antagonist- anterior deltoid
what is the agonist and antagonist at the shoulder during horizontal abduction
agonist- latsimus dorsi
antagonist-anterior deltoid
what is the agonist and antagonist at the shoulder during horizontal adduction
agonist- pectorals
antagonist-latissimus dorsi
what is the agonist and antagonist at the shoulder adduction
agonist- posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi
antagonist- middle deltoid
what is the agonist and antagonist at the shoulder abduction
agonist- middle deltoid
antagonist- posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi
What is an eccentric contraction
Muscle lengthens under tension - antagonist
what is a concentric contraction
When the muscle shortens under tension - agonist
What is an isometric contraction
Muscle contracting stays the same length
What is an isometric contraction
Muscle contracting stays the same length
what contraction would the lowering of a press-up be
eccentric
what contraction would be the comping up phrase of a press-up be
concentric
What is a PNF
l. Advanced stretching technique
2. motor action must be controlled for movement to be affective
3.flexibility training helps to increase range of motion
What is the crac technique ?
Contract - relax- antagonist- contract
What are muscle spindles?
Detect how for and fast a muscle is being stretched and produce the stretch reflex
What is a Golgi tendon organ
These are activated when there is tension in a muscle
What is an autogenic inhibitions
Where there is a sudden relation of the muscle in response to hightension. The receptor involved in this process is the golgi tendon organs
