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P.E active recall > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the vena cava do

A

brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium

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2
Q

what does the pulmonary vien do

A

delivers oxygentaed blood to the left atrium

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3
Q

what does the pulmonary artery do

A

leaves right ventricle with deoxygenated blood and delivers it to the lungs and aorta

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4
Q

what does the aorta do

A

leaves the left ventricle with oxygenate blood and takes it to the body

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5
Q

where is the tricuspid valve located

A

between right atrium and left atrium

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6
Q

where is the bicuspid valve located

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

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7
Q

where are the semilunar valves located

A

between right ventricle and left ventricle and aorta and pulmonary vien

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8
Q

what are the 3 roles of veins

A

ensure blood flows in 1 direction
open to allow blood to pass through
close to prevent backflow

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9
Q

how does the heart control the rate at which it beats

A

the SAN creates impulse both atria contract (systole)
impulse reaches AV node
impulse sent on the bundle of HIS
achieve ventricular systole

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10
Q

CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
What does:
Sally
Always
Aims
Balls
Past
Vicky
stand for ?

A

SAN
Atrial systole
AV node
Bundle of HIS
Purkinge fibres
Ventricular systole

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11
Q

what do chemoreceptors do

A

detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in C02
increased C02 concentration in blood will stimulate the sympathetic nervous system so the heart will beat faster

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12
Q

what do baroreceptors do ?

A

respond to the strecthing of the arterial wall caused by changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate.
establish a set point for blood preussure

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13
Q

what does an increase in arterial pressure mean

A

causes an increase in in the stretch of the baroreceptors and results in a decreased heart rate

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14
Q

what does an decrease in arterial pressure mean

A

causes an decrease in in the stretch of the baroreceptors and results in a increased heart rate

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15
Q

what happnes to the baroreceptors set point during exercise

A

it increases as the body does not want the heart rate to slow down as this would negatively affect performance

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16
Q

what do proprioeceptors do

A

located in the muscles and provide information about movement and body position
at the start of exercise they detect an increase in muscle movement these receptors then send an impulse to the medulla witch sends an impulse through the sympathetic nervous system to the SA node to increase heart rate

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17
Q

define adrenaline

A

stress hormone released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerves during exercise

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18
Q

define stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out the heart ventricles in each contraction

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19
Q

define venous return

A

volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins if venous return increases so does stroke volume

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20
Q

cardiac output =

A

stroke volume x heart rate

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21
Q

what are the 5 steps to starlings law

A

increased venous return
greater diastole filling of the heart
cardiac muscle stretched
more force of contraction
increased ejection fraction

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22
Q

what is the equation for ejection fraction

A

amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle / total amount of blood in the ventricle

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23
Q

define cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute

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24
Q

what is ml -> l

A

divide by 1000

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25
Q

what are the key points to cardiovascualr drift

A

prolonged steady state + 10 mins
sweat more so fluid loss so lower plasma volume
reduces venous return
reduces stroke volume
heart rate increases to cool body down by creating more energy to do this

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26
Q

ways to prevent cardiovascular drift

A

fluids
rehydration (lucozade)

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27
Q

what is high blood pressure

A

force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall
puts extra strain on the arteires

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28
Q

what problems can occur from high blood pressure if not treated

A

heart attack
heart failure
kidney disease
stroke
dementia

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29
Q

how do you lower blood pressure

A

regular exercise lowers both systolic and systolic blood pressure.

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30
Q

what is LDL

A

transports cholesterol in the blood to the tissues and are classed as bad cholesterol since they are linked to an increased risk of heart disease

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31
Q

what is HDL

A

transport extra cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down, these are classed as good cholesterol since they lower the risk of developing heart disease

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32
Q

how does regular physical activity help cholesterol

A

lower LDL but increases HDL

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33
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart
disease is when arteries become blocked or start to narrow because of the gradual build up of fatty deposits this is known as (atheroma)/ ()atherosclerosis)
less oxygen can then be delivered to the heart so the heart will have to beat harder and faster to provide the body with oxygen

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34
Q

what can coronary heart disease casue

A

high blood pressure
high cholesterol

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35
Q

what can cause coronary heart disease

A

lack of exercise and smoking

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36
Q

what is angia

A

chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the arteries is restricted

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37
Q

how to prevent cornoary heart disease

A

regular exercise as thus helps maintain the flexibility of the blood vessels ensuring good blood flow to the heart and body

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38
Q

why does a stroke occur

A

when the blood supply to the brain is cut off causing damage to the brain cells so they start to die

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39
Q

what can a stroke lead to

A

death , disability and brain injury

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40
Q

what is an ischaemic stroke

A

most common form and occur when a blood vessel supplying the brain bursts

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41
Q

what is a haemorrhagic

A

occur when a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts

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42
Q

how to decrease chance of stroke

A

regular exercise as it lowers blood pressure helps you you maintain a heathy weight which can reduce risk of stroke by 27%

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43
Q

define hypertrophy

A

the thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger

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44
Q

define bradycardia

A

a decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per min

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45
Q

what are the 2 types of circulation

A

pulmonary and systemic

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46
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

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47
Q

what is systematic circulation

A

oxygenated blood to the body from the heart then the return of deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

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48
Q

what is the order of blood vessels that carry the blood to and from the heart

A

heart - arteries- arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - heart

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49
Q

what is the average blood pressure

A

120mmgh/80

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50
Q

blood pressure =

A

blood flow x resistance

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51
Q

what are the 6 venous return mechanisms

A

1.skeletal muscle pump
2.the respiratory pump
3.pocket valves
4.thin layer of smooth muscle in walls of veins which helps squeeze blood back to the heart
5. gravity helps the blood return to the heart from the upper body
6.the suction pump action of the heart

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52
Q

what does the skeletal muscle pump do

A

muscles contracting and relaxing pressing on nearby veins and causing a pumping effect. this squeezes blood back to the heart

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53
Q

what does the respiratory pump do

A

when muscles contract druing breating in and out pressure changes occur in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. This compresses nearby veins and assists blood flowing back

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54
Q

what do pocket valves do

A

they close once blood has passed through to prevent blood flowing backwards

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55
Q

why does blood flow to the brain remain the same at exercise and during rest

A

remains constant to ensure brain function is maintained as the brain needs oxygen for energy

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56
Q

why should an athlete nit eat at least one hour before competition

A

a full gut would result in more blood being directed to the stomach instead of the working muscles and this would have a detrimental affect on performance as less oxygen is being made avalible so athlete will fatuige quicker

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57
Q

what are the characteristics of capillaries

A

1 cell thick
aid diffusion

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58
Q

what are the characteristics of arteries

A

thick elastic muscular walls
small lumen

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59
Q

what are the characteristics of veins

A

large lumen
valves
thin outer wall

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60
Q

what are some factors that are responsible for the Bohr shift

A

increase in blood temp
partial pressure of co2 increases
more carbon dioxide lowers blood ph

61
Q

what are the 2 types of circulation

A

pulmonary - heart to lungs
systemic-heart to body

62
Q

what is avo2 diff

A

the difference the oxygen content on the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles

63
Q

is avo2 high or low at rest

A

low as not much oxygen is required to the working muscles

64
Q

what is the diffusion pathway of oxygen

A

alveoli - blood - muscles

65
Q

what is the diffusion pathway of co2

A

muscles - blood - alveoli

66
Q

what does the inspiratory centre do

A

inspiration and expiration
sends out nerve impulses via phrenic nerve to diaphragm and external intercostals to cause a contraction. stimulation = 2 secs approx.
then they stop and passive expiration occurs due to elastic recoil of the lungs

67
Q

what are the other factors affecting neural control of breathing

A

mechanical - proprioceptors located in joints and muscles provide feedback to the respiratory centre.
baroreceptors- decrease blood pressure in the aorta and carotid arteries - increases breathing rate
stretch receptors- lungs are stretched more during exercise , stretch receptors prevent over inflammation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre , to the intercostal nerve and to the expiratory muscles(abdominals and intercostals )

68
Q

what are the 3 impacts of smoking

A
  • irritates the trachea and bronchi
  • reduces lung function
  • increases breathlessness
69
Q

what does smoking to to the body

A

damages the cells lining the trachea the bronchi, bronchioles. mucus will build up as the little microscopic hairs that push it along will get blocked up this leads to smokers cough

70
Q

what happens if smoking damages alveoili walls

A

they are forced to join up making larger air sacs. this reduces the efficiency of gaseous exchange oxygen carrying capacity in the haemoglobin is reduced as it teams up with carbon monoxide from the cigarette. this all leads to COPD

71
Q

smoking can increase your chances of ?

A

asthma
emphysema
shortness of breath
COPD
narrow airways

72
Q

what are the impacts of smoking on performance

A

decreases co2 supply to the working muscles
decreases efficiency of the respiratory system
works against long term affects from involvement in physical education
impairs performance , mainly endurance and high intensity

73
Q

what are the types of muscle firbres

A

slow oxidative (slow twitch)
fast oxidative glycolytic(type IIA)
fast glycolytic(IIB)

74
Q

what are slow twitch muscle fibres type 1

A

slower contraction speed than fast twitch muscle fibres and are better adapted to lower intensity exercise such as long distance running
produce most of their energy aerobically
they have specific characteristics that allow them to use oxygen more effectively

75
Q

what are fast twitch muscle fibres

A

much faster contraction speed and can generate a greater force of contraction
fatigue very quickly and are used for short intense burst of effort
produce most of their energy anaerobically

76
Q

what are type IIA

A

more resistant to fatigue and are used for events such as the 1500m in athletics where a longer burst of energy is needed
GAMES PLAYER

77
Q

what are type IIB

A

these fibres fatigue much quicker and are used for highly explosive events such as 100m in athletics when a quick short burst of energy is needed

78
Q

what are the functional characteristics for type 1 muscle fibres (slow twitch)

A

slow contraction speed
slow motor neurone conduction capacity
low force produced
low fatiguability
very high aerobic capacity
low anaerobic capacity
low glycolytic enzyme activity

79
Q

what are the structural characteristics for type 1 muscle fibres (slow twitch)

A

small motor neurone size
high mitochondrial density
high myoglobin content
high capillaty density

80
Q

what are the functional characteristics of type 11A muscle fibres

A

fast contraction speed
fast motor neurone conduction capacity
high force produced
medium fatigability
medium aerobic capacity
high anaerobic capacity
high glycolytic enzyme activity

81
Q

what are the structural characteristics of type 11A muscle fibres

A

large motor neurone size
medium mitochondrial density
medium myoglobin content
medium capillary density

82
Q

what are the functional characteristics of type 11B muscle fibres

A

fast contraction speed
fast motor neurone conduction capacity
high force produced
high fatigability
low aerobic capacity
very high anaerobic capacity
very high glycolytic enzyme activity

83
Q

what does the autonomic NS mean

A

involuntary

84
Q

what is the peripheral NS

A

all the nerves and nerve cells outside your CNS make up the peripheral nervous system

85
Q

what is the all or none law

A
  1. once the motor neurone stimulates the muscle fibres they either all contact or none of them contract
  2. it cannot partially contract
    3.minimum amount of stimulation is needed to stat the contraction
  3. if the sequence of impulses is equal or more than the threshold , the muscle will contract.
  4. if the sequence of impulses is less than the threshold , then no movement will take place.
86
Q

what are fine motor units

A

small muscle is used
e.g movements of the eye will have only a few fibres per motor neurone

87
Q

what are gross motor units

A

large muscles are used
e.g using our quadriceps when leg is extended tis will have a motor unit feeding hundreds if fibres

88
Q

What are the 3 ways to increase the strength of contraction

A

wave summation- repeated nerve impulse so no time to relax so smooth contraction occurs
tetanic contraction -sustained muscle contraction - series of fast repeating stimuli
spatial summation- strength of contraction changes by alternating the number and size of the muscle motor units

89
Q

describe wave summation in detail

A
  • greater frequency of stimuli the greater the tension in the muscle
  • when a nerve impulse reaches the muscle cell calcium is released. calcium needs to be present for a muscle to contract
  • if the nerve impulses are continuous with no time to relax calcium will build up in the muscle cell
  • this allows a forceful , sustained , smooth contraction which is referred to as a tectanic contraction
90
Q

describe spatial summation in detail

A
  • when impulses are received at the same time at different places on the neurone which all add up to fire the neurone
  • recruits additional and bigger motor units within a muscle to develop a larger force
91
Q

twitch =

A

a single stimulus is delivered - the muscle contacts and relaxes

92
Q

Cerebellum =

A

cell in the brain​

93
Q

Motor neurones=

A

nerve cells which transmit the brain’s instructions as electrical impulses to the muscles​

94
Q

Motor end plates/neuromuscular junction=

A

these are connected to the fibre to pass the message down​

95
Q

Motor unit=

A

a motor neurone and its muscle fibres​

96
Q

describe how the motor unit works

A

Muscle fibres are grouped into motor units​

A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and its muscle fibres​

The motor neuron transmits the impulse to the muscle fibre​

Each motor neurone has branches that end in the neuromuscular junction on the muscle fibre​

97
Q

how many bones are in the body

A

206

98
Q

name the 27 bones we need to know

A

cranium
mandible
cervical vertebrae
clavicle
sternum
scapula
ribs
thoracic v
lumber v
humerus
radius
ulna
pelvis
sacrum
coxix
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
ischium
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
talus
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges

99
Q

what joint type is at the ankle and what are the articulating bones

A

hinge joint
articulating bones: talus , tibia , fibula

100
Q

what joint type is at the knee and what are the articulating bones

A

hinge joint
articulating bones : femur, tibia

101
Q

what joint type is at the hip and what are the articulating bones

A

ball and socket joint
articulating bones : femur pelvis

102
Q

what joint type is at the shoulder and what are the articulating bones

A

ball and socket joint
articulating bones : humerus and scapula

103
Q

what joint type is at the elbow and what are the articulating bones

A

hinge joint
articulating bones: humerus ulna and radius

104
Q

define plantar flexion

A

pointing the toes/pushing up onto your toes

105
Q

define dorsi flexion

A

pulling the toes up to the shin

106
Q

define flexion

A

decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint

107
Q

define extension

A

increasing the angle between the bones of a joint

108
Q

define hyperextension

A

increasing the angle beyond 180 between the bones of joint

109
Q

define abducton

A

movement of a body part away from the midline of the body

110
Q

define adduction

A

movement of a body part towards the midline of the body

111
Q

define sagittal plane and what movement goes with it

A

divides the body into right and left halves
extension and flexion

112
Q

define frontal plane and what movement goes with it

A

divides the body into front and back halves
abduction and adduction

113
Q

define transverse plane and what movement goes with it

A

divides the body into upper and lower halves
rotation and horizontal ab+aduction

114
Q

define transverse axis and what movement goes with it

A

runs from side to side across the body
extension and flexion

115
Q

define sagittal axis and what movement goes with it

A

this runs from front to back
abduction and adduction

116
Q

define longitudal axis and what movement goes with it

A

runs from top to bottom
rotation horizontal ab + adduction

117
Q

define agonist

A

the muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occurring

118
Q

define antagonist

A

the muscle that works in opposition to the agonist

119
Q

what planes and axis go together

A

sagittal plane and transverse axis
frontal plane and sagittal axis
transverse plane and longitudal axis

120
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the elbow during flexion

A

agonist-bicep brachii
antagonist-triceps brachii

121
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the elbow during extension

A

agonist- triceps brachii
antagonist- bicep brachii

122
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the ankle during plantar-flexion

A

agonist - gastrocnemius
antagonist- tibialas anterior

123
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the ankle during dorsi-flexion

A

agonist - tibialas anterior
antagonist - gastrocnemius

124
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the knee during flexion

A

agonist- hamstring
antagonist- quadriceps

125
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the knee during extension

A

agonist- quadriceps
antagonist- hamstring

126
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the hip during flexion

A

agonist- hip flexor / iliopsoas
antagonist-gluteal

127
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the hip during hyper extension

A

agonist- gluteals
antagonist-hip flexor / ilipsoas

128
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the hip adduction

A

agonist- adductors
antagonist-tensor fasci latae and gluteals

129
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the hip abduction

A

agonist- tensor fasci latae and gluteals
antagonist- adductors

130
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the hip during horizontal adduction

A

agonist- adductors
antagonist-tensor fasci latae and gluteals

131
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the hip during horizontal abduction

A

agonist- tensor fasci latae and gluteals
antagonist-adductors

132
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the shoulder during flexion

A

agonist- anterior deltoid
antagonist-latissimus dorsi

133
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the shoulder during hyper extension

A

agonist- latissimus dorsi
antagonist- anterior deltoid

134
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the shoulder during horizontal abduction

A

agonist- latsimus dorsi
antagonist-anterior deltoid

135
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the shoulder during horizontal adduction

A

agonist- pectorals
antagonist-latissimus dorsi

136
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the shoulder adduction

A

agonist- posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi
antagonist- middle deltoid

137
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist at the shoulder abduction

A

agonist- middle deltoid
antagonist- posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi

138
Q

What is an eccentric contraction

A

Muscle lengthens under tension - antagonist

139
Q

what is a concentric contraction

A

When the muscle shortens under tension - agonist

140
Q

What is an isometric contraction

A

Muscle contracting stays the same length

141
Q

What is an isometric contraction

A

Muscle contracting stays the same length

142
Q

what contraction would the lowering of a press-up be

A

eccentric

143
Q

what contraction would be the comping up phrase of a press-up be

A

concentric

144
Q

What is a PNF

A

l. Advanced stretching technique
2. motor action must be controlled for movement to be affective
3.flexibility training helps to increase range of motion

145
Q

What is the crac technique ?

A

Contract - relax- antagonist- contract

146
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Detect how for and fast a muscle is being stretched and produce the stretch reflex

147
Q

What is a Golgi tendon organ

A

These are activated when there is tension in a muscle

148
Q

What is an autogenic inhibitions

A

Where there is a sudden relation of the muscle in response to hightension. The receptor involved in this process is the golgi tendon organs

P.E active recall (6 decks)

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