Chapter 2

Question 1

5 steps in scientific method

Answer 1

1. Define the problem
2. Reviewing the literature
3. Formulating hypothesis
4. Selecting research design collecting and analyzing the data
5. Coming to a conclusion

Question 2

1. Defining the problem
   Operational definition

Answer 2

An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to assess this concept

Question 3

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 3

A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables

Question 4

What is a variable?

Answer 4

A measurable trait that is subject to change under different conditions

• independent: cause or influence another
• dependent: depends on independent

Question 5

Causal logic

Answer 5

Relationship between a variable and a particular consequence with one event leading to the other

Question 6

Correlation

Answer 6

An indication the causality may be present

Question 7

Spurious correlation

Answer 7

When two variable are associated but not causally related

Question 8

Validity vs. Reliability

Answer 8

Validity: the degree at which a measure reflects the phenomena

Reliability: the extent at which a measure provides consistent results

Question 9

Quantitative vs. Qualitative

Answer 9

Quantitative: information that can he measured using numbers (survey)
Qualitative: quality no numbers

Question 10

Ethnography

Answer 10

Study of an entire social setting
- observation or direct participation

Question 11

Experiments

Answer 11

Artificially created situation that allows the researcher to manipulate the variables

Experimental group: exposed to independent variable
Control group: is not

Question 12

Traditional knowledge

Answer 12

Cumulative body of knowledge developed by people with histories of interactions

Question 13

Critical thinking

Answer 13

Asking targeted questions and assessing evidence

Question 14

Types of questions

Answer 14

1. Questioning facts
2. Questioning basic values
3. Questions about the power structures
4. The status quo

Question 15

Questioning facts

Answer 15

Questions the process by which knowledge is accepted as fact

Question 16

Questioning basic values

Answer 16

Institutions such as families and schools enforce processes of socialization that normalize certain practices of the world

Question 17

Questions about the power structure

Answer 17

Questions how historical processes have shaped a world system in which some people have more resources than others

Question 18

Questioning status quo

Answer 18

Seeks solutions to improve the conditions of people

Question 19

Hawthorne effect

Answer 19

The unintended influence that observers or experimenters can have on their subjects