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Bio Exam 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Five fundamental characteristics of life

A

1) cells
2) replication
3) evolution
4) information (DNA) etc
5) energy

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2
Q

Three fundamental theories underly biology

A

1) cell theory
2) theory of evolution
3) chromosome theory of inheritance

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3
Q

Definition of theory

A

An explanation for a very general class of phenomena or observations that are supported by a wide body of evidence NOT just a speculation or guess

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4
Q

Inductive

A

Observations

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5
Q

Deductive

A

Hypothesis testing

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6
Q

The chemical basis of life

A

Water and carbon

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7
Q

Proton charge

A

+1

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8
Q

Electron charge

A

-1

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9
Q

Neutron charge

A

Neutral

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10
Q

When chemicals come together it is because…

A

Their electrons attract

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11
Q

What is found in nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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12
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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13
Q

Mass number

A

Number protons and neutrons

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14
Q

Isotope

A

An element with the same number of protons but different weights

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15
Q

Electron weight

A

It is so small we ignore it

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16
Q

Proton weight

A

1 “ Dalton” (Da)

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17
Q

Neutrons weight

A

1 “Dalton” (Da)

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18
Q

Orbits

A
  • Electrons cruise around specific tracks
  • hold up to two electrons
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19
Q

Electron shells

A
  • Regions where the orbitals are found
  • you have to fill all the orbitals in the shell before you go to the next Shell
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20
Q

Outermost shell=

A

Valence shell

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21
Q

Valence electrons are usually?

A

Unpaired

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22
Q

Unpaired electrons are?

A

Very unstable

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23
Q

Covalent bond

A

Where atoms share valence electrons, very strong attraction.

Require them to be stuck together

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24
Q

Molecule

A

A substance held together by covalent bonds

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25
Q

Compound

A

A thing composed of two or more elements

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26
Q

All Compounds are molecules but

A

All Molecules are not compounds

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27
Q

Polar

A

Unequally shared

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28
Q

Non polar

A

Shared equally

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29
Q

of unpaired electrons=

A

Of valence

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30
Q

Electronegativity

A

Atoms that tend to pull shared electrons harder
It has more protons
Its valence Shells are closer to the nucleus

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31
Q

Atoms are usually more electronegative if you…

A

Move right or up the periodic table

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32
Q

Most electronegative

A

Oxygen & Nitrogen

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33
Q

Ionic bonds

A

When electrons are transferred from one atom to another to give both atoms full valence Shells

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34
Q

Ion

A

A molecule that carries a charge

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35
Q

Cation

A

An atom that loses an electron and becomes positively charged

36
Q

Anion

A

An atom that gains an electron and becomes negatively charged

37
Q

The number of unpaired electrons determines the…

A

Number of bonds an atom can make

38
Q

Atoms with more than one unpaired electron can…

A
  • Can form multiple single bonds
  • double bonds
  • triple bonds
39
Q

The geometry of Simple molecules

A
  • A molecule’s shape often dictates its behavior
  • The shape of a simple molecule is governed by the geometry of its bonds
40
Q

Molecular formulas

A

Indicate the numbers and types of atoms in molecule

41
Q

Structural formulas

A

Indicate which atoms are bonded together….single, double or triple

42
Q

Properties of water and the early oceans:

A

Chemical evolution likely occurred in an aqueous, or water based environment

43
Q

Life is based on water because

A

Water is an excellent solvent

44
Q

A solute dissolved into a solvent makes a…

A

Solution

45
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A substance that dissolves one or many substances into creating a solution

46
Q

What is a solute?

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solution

47
Q

What is a solution?

A

A homogenous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent

48
Q

Why does ice float?

A

Because water forms an open lattice when it becomes solid that is not as dense as its liquid form

49
Q

Why is water such an efficient solvent?

A
  • Water is polar
  • oxygen atoms have partial negative charge
  • hydrogen atoms have partial positive charge
50
Q

Hydrophilic

A
  • “Water-loving” atoms and molecules are ions and polar molecules that stay in solution
  • hydration shell
51
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Makes it possible for almost any charged or polar molecule to dissolve in water

52
Q

Hydrophobic

A

-“water-fearing” molecules are uncharged and nonpolar compounds
- they do not dissolve in water (they don’t stick)
- interact with each other

53
Q

Cohesion

A

Is binding between like molecules which results in surface tension

54
Q

Adhesion

A

Is binding between unlike molecules

55
Q

Specific heat

A

Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°C (1 cal/g)

56
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

Energy required to change 1 gram of substance from liquid to gas (540 cal/g)

57
Q

Chemical reactions

A

Occur when a substance is combined with another or broken down into another substance

58
Q

Acids

A

Are substances that give up protons during chemical reactions and raise the hydronium ion concentration[H3O+]

59
Q

Bases

A

Are substances that acquire protons during chemical reactions and lower [H30+]

60
Q

The concentration of substance in a solution is typically expressed as

A

Molarity(m= per liter)

61
Q

The pH of a solution reveals

A

Whether it is acidic or basic

62
Q

Acids have a pH of?

A

Less than 7

63
Q

Bases have a pH of?

A

Greater than 7

64
Q

Buffers help…

A

Maintain homeostasis a relatively constant conditions

65
Q

Endothermic

A

Reactions must absorb thermal energy to proceed

66
Q

Exothermic

A

Reactions release thermal energy

67
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy is the capacity to do work or supply heat

68
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored potential to do work

69
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Active energy of movement

70
Q

Chemical energy

A

A molecules potential to form stronger bonds is a type of potential energy

71
Q

Thermal energy

A

The kinetic energy of a molecular motion

72
Q

Temperature

A

Is a measure of the thermal energy in a molecule

73
Q

Heat

A

Is a measure of thermal energy being transferred between two objects

74
Q

The first law of thermodynamics

A
  • energy is conserved
  • it cannot be created or destroyed
  • it can be transferred or transformed
75
Q

What makes a chemical reaction spontaneous

A

They proceed without any continuous external influence, no added energy is needed

76
Q

What spontaneous reaction is determined by two factors?

A

1) products are less ordered than the reactants
2) products have lower potential energy than the reactants

77
Q

The second law of thermodynamics

A
  • Entropy always increases
  • chemical reactions result in products with less ordered energy and less usable energy
78
Q

Organic compounds

A

Are molecules that contain Carbon bonded to other elements

79
Q

Functional groups

A

Amino, caraboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl

80
Q

Amino groups

A

Attract a proton and act as a base

81
Q

Caraboxyl groups

A

Drop a proton and act as acids

82
Q

Carbonyl groups

A

Have sites that link molecules into more-complex compounds

83
Q

Hydroxyl groups

A

Act as weak acids

84
Q

Phosphate groups

A

Have two negative charges

85
Q

Sulfhydryl groups

A

Link together via disulfide bonds

Bio Exam 1 (6 decks)

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