Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Molec Cell Final Exam > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Organic molecules (Name the 4)

A

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The most abundant molecule in cells

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Slightly positive atom in water

A

Hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Slightly negative atom in water

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bonds that form between polar organic molecules

A

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Solubility of nonpolar molecules

A

Poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dehydration reactions (H2O is removed) / sugars are linked by a

A

glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

polymers of a few sugars.

A

Oligosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

polymers of hundreds or thousands of sugars.

A

Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

storage of glucose in animal cells.

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

storage in plant cells

A

Starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Both starch and glycogen are:

A

composed entirely of glucose molecules in the α configuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

main structural component of plant cell walls

A

cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 main roles of lipids

A

1.) Energy storage
2.) Cell membranes
3.) Cell signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

long hydrocarbon chains (16 or 18 carbons) with a carboxyl group (COO–) at one end.

A

fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

fatty acids with one or more double bond

A

unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

fatty acids with no double bonds

A

saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule.

A

Triacylglycerols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

______ are more efficient energy storage than ____________, yielding more than twice as much energy per weight of material broken down.

A

Fats; carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the principal components of cell membranes.

A

phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

part water-soluble / part water-insoluble.

A

Amphipathic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 fatty acids bound to two carbons in glycerol.

A

Glycerol phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the only nonglycerol phospholipid in cell membranes

A

Sphingomyelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

two hydrocarbon chains and a carbohydrate polar head group (amphipathic).

A

glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

four hydrophobic hydrocarbon rings and a polar hydroxyl (OH) group (amphipathic).

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

estrogen, testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

steroid hormones are derivatives of:

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

carries information from DNA to the ribosomes.

A

mRNA

29
Q

types of RNA involved in protein synthesis

A

rRNA and tRNA

30
Q

DNA and RNA are polymers of:

A

nucleotides

31
Q

Nucleotides consist of purine and pyrimidine bases linked to:

A

phosphorylated sugars.

32
Q

2 purines

A

adenine and guanine

33
Q

2 pyrimidines

A

cytosine and thymine

34
Q

RNA has _____ in place of thymine

A

uracil

35
Q

Bases are linked to sugars to form:

A

nucleosides

36
Q

bonds between the 5′ phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3′ hydroxyl of another.

A

phosphodiester

37
Q

polymers of only a few nucleotides.

A

Oligonucleotides

38
Q

may contain thousands or millions of nucleotides, like DNA or RNA

A

polynucleotides

39
Q

Polynucleotides are always synthesized in the _______ direction.

A

5′ to 3′

40
Q

the most diverse macromolecule

A

Protein

41
Q

Proteins are polymers of 20 different ____________

A

amino acids.

42
Q

Amino acids consists of: (5 things)

A

α carbon bonded
carboxyl group
an amino group
a hydrogen
a distinctive side chain.

43
Q

Type of bond that joins amino acids

A

Peptide bond

44
Q

chains of amino acids, hundreds or thousands of amino acids.

A

polypeptides

45
Q

N terminus of polypeptide

A

α amino group

46
Q

C terminus of polypeptide

A

α carboxyl group

47
Q

types of bonds joining the side chains of insulin

A

disulfide bonds

48
Q

___________ breaks non-covalent bonds (denaturation).

A

Heating

49
Q

the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

A

primary structure

50
Q

regular arrangement of amino acids within localized regions.

A

secondary structure

51
Q

Two common types of secondary structure:

A

α helix and β sheet.

52
Q

the folding of the polypeptide chain due to interactions between side chains of amino acids in different regions of the chain.

A

Tertiary structure

53
Q

the basic units of tertiary structure; are folded three-dimensional structures usually containing between 50-200 amino acids.

A

Domains

54
Q

interactions between different polypeptide chains in proteins composed of more than one polypeptide.

A

Quaternary structure

55
Q

catalysts that increase the rate of all chemical reactions in cells.

A

enzymes

56
Q

If an enzyme is present, the conversion is accelerated, but equilibrium is:

A

unaltered

57
Q

Enzymes are not ______ in chemical reactions

A

Consumed

58
Q

Energy required to reach the transition state (enzymes reduce this)

A

activation energy

59
Q

Enzymes must bind their substrates to form:

A

enzyme-substrate complex (ES).

60
Q

A substrate binds to a specific region of the enzyme called:

A

active site

61
Q

substrates bind by (3 things)

A

hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
hydrophobic interactions

62
Q

conformation of both enzyme and substrate is modified.

A

induced fit

63
Q

digests bonds adjacent to hydrophobic amino acids

A

Chymotrypsin

64
Q

digests bonds next to basic amino acids

A

trypsin

65
Q

a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.

A

coenzyme

66
Q

Many coenzymes are closely related to ________, which contribute part or all of the structure of the coenzyme.

A

vitamins

67
Q

the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme involved in its synthesis.

A

feedback inhibition

68
Q

Feedback inhibition is a type of __________ regulation

A

allosteric

69
Q

Phosphate groups are added to the side-chain OH groups of serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues.

A

phosphorylation

Molec Cell Final Exam (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions