Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs (cisternae) - extends from nuclear membrane throughout cytoplasm.

A

ER

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2
Q

the secretory pathway

A

Rough ER → Golgi → secretory vesicles → cell exterior

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3
Q

Proteins synthesized on _______ stay in the cytosol or are transported to the nucleus and other organelles.

A

free ribosomes

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4
Q

Proteins synthesized on __________ are translocated directly into the ER through translocon.

A

membrane-bound ribosomes

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5
Q

Proteins move into the ER during their synthesis on membrane-bound ribosomes.

A

Cotranslational translocation

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6
Q

Proteins move into the ER after translation has been completed on free ribosomes.

A

Posttranslational translocation

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7
Q

cytosol is a _____ environment

A

reducing

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8
Q

the ER is a ______ environment

A

oxidizing

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9
Q

misfolded proteins removed from ER by

A

ERAD

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10
Q

If an excess of unfolded proteins accumulates, a signaling pathway called the ______ is activated.

A

unfolded protein response (UPR)

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11
Q

Eukaryotic membranes are made of 3 lipid types:

A

phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol.

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12
Q

Most of phospholipids are synthesized on the _____ side of the ER membrane from water-soluble precursors (glycerol).

A

cytosol

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13
Q

passage of polar head groups through the membrane occurs by:

A

flippases

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14
Q

a targeting sequence at the carboxy terminus that directs retrieval back to the ER. (2 examples)

A

KDEL or KKXX

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15
Q

Most glycolipids and sphingomyelin are synthesized in the

A

Golgi.

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16
Q

receives molecules from the ERGIC

A

cis compartment

17
Q

most modifications are done here

A

medial/trans compartments

18
Q

the sorting and distribution center

A

trans-Golgi network

19
Q

Transport vesicles with secretory proteins are coated with

A

coat proteins.

20
Q

COPII-coated vesicles carry proteins from the

A

ER to the ERGIC

21
Q

COPI-coated vesicles carry proteins to

A

their early compartments

22
Q

Clathrin-coated carry proteins

A

in both directions

23
Q

Interaction between transport vesicles and target membranes is mediated by

A

tethering factors

24
Q

membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes to break down all types of biological polymers

25
Gaucher disease affects what organelle
lysosomes
26
Lysosomes digest material taken up from outside the cell by
endocytosis
27
turnover of the cell’s own components.
autophagy