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Molec Cell Final Exam > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

In eukaryotic cells, progression through the cell cycle is controlled by

A

protein kinases

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2
Q

(nuclear division), usually ending with cell division (cytokinesis).

A

Mitosis (M phase)

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3
Q

period between mitoses, divided into G1, S, and G2.

A

Interphase

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4
Q

interval between mitosis and DNA replication. The cell is metabolically active and growing.

A

G1 phase

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5
Q

DNA replication takes place.

A

S phase

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6
Q

cell growth continues and proteins are synthesized in preparation for mitosis.

A

G2 phase

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7
Q

_______ may have cell cycles of 30 minutes, but there is no growth (G1 or G2) phase.

A

Early embryos

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8
Q

During S phase, replication increases the DNA content to:

A

4n

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9
Q

______ controls progression from G1 to S, first defined in yeast

A

START

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10
Q

Passage through START is highly regulated by _______, such as nutrient availability, mating factors and cell size.

A

external signals

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11
Q

In most animal cells, ________ in late G1 functions like START.

A

restriction point

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12
Q

If appropriate growth factors are not present in G1, progression stops at the restriction point and cells enter a resting stage called:

A

Gzero

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13
Q

Coordination of the cell cycle phases is dependent on a series of

A

cell cycle checkpoints.

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14
Q

ensure that damaged DNA is not replicated and passed on to daughter cells.

A

DNA damage checkpoints

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15
Q

stops mitosis at metaphase if chromosomes are not properly aligned on the spindle.

A

Spindle assembly checkpoint

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16
Q

a general regulator of transition from G2 to M.

A

maturation promoting factor (MPF).

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17
Q

responsible for the progression of the cell cycle (2 things)

A

cyclins and CDK proteins

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18
Q

Proliferation of animal cells is regulated by extracellular growth factors that control progression through the restriction point in:

A

late G1.

19
Q

_____cyclins provide one link between growth factor signaling and cell cycle progression.

A

D-type

20
Q

As long as ________ are present through G1, Cdk4,6/cyclin D1 complexes drive cells through the restriction point.

A

growth factors

21
Q

Cell cycle arrest at DNA damage checkpoints: (2 things)

A

ATM and ATR

22
Q

____ recognizes double-strand breaks; _____ recognizes single-stranded or unreplicated DNA.

A

ATM, ATR

23
Q

ATM and ATR phosphorylate and activate the checkpoint kinases, _______.

A

Chk1 and Chk2

24
Q

In mammalian cells, arrest at the G1 checkpoint is also mediated by this protein

A

p53

25
Q

mitosis phases

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

26
Q

appearance of condensed chromosomes (two sister chromatids).

A

prophase

27
Q

The chromatids are attached at the:

A

centromere

28
Q

site of eventual spindle attachment

A

kinetochore

29
Q

Centrosomes serve as the two poles of:

A

mitotic spindle

30
Q

transition between prophase and metaphase.

A

prometaphase

31
Q

The chromosomes shuffle back and forth until they align on the ________ plate

A

metaphase

32
Q

links between sister chromatids break during this phase

A

anaphase

33
Q

nuclei re-form and chromosomes decondense.

A

telophase

34
Q

________ usually begins during late anaphase and is almost complete by the end of telophase.

A

Cytokinesis

35
Q

Cdk1/cyclin B protein kinase (MPF) is the master regulator of ___ phase transition.

A

M

36
Q

These 3 things are activated in a positive feedback loop to signal entry into M phase.

A

Cdk1, Aurora and Polo-like kinases

37
Q

contribute to chromosome segregation.
(2 things)

A

condensins and cohesins

38
Q

Condensins are activated by Cdk1/cyclin B _________

A

phosphorylation

39
Q

The _________ fragments into vesicles at mitosis, which are absorbed into the ER or distributed to daughter cells at cytokinesis.

A

Golgi apparatus

40
Q

_________ maturation and spindle assembly involve the Aurora and Polo-like kinases.

A

Centrosome

41
Q

_________ turnover rate increases, resulting in depolymerization and shrinkage of the interphase microtubules.

A

Microtubule

42
Q

Unattached kinetochores lead to the assembly of the:

A

mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC)

43
Q

APC/C ubiquitylates cyclin B and securin, which inactivates Cdk1 and activate:

A

separase.

44
Q

Separase degrades ______, which breaks the link between sister chromatids

A

cohesin

Molec Cell Final Exam (9 decks)

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