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Psych 101 - Test 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT falsifiable?
A. The sky looks blue to most people.
B. The head of a pin can hold 2,000 angels.
C. Dancing for three hours will make you tired.
D. Dropping a rock from the top of a building will make it fall.

A

B. The head of a pin can hold 2,000 angels.

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2
Q

A psychologist observes that some people exposed to a traumatic childhood experience develop anxiety disorders later in life, while others do not. This illustrates which of the reasons why human behavior is a challenging subject matter for science?

A

variability

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3
Q

A second-grade teacher seeks help from a school psychologist because a child in the teacher’s class is particularly unruly. The school psychologist visits the class one day to observe the child. Knowing that she is being watched, the child decides to be on her best behavior. This scenario best illustrates _____ as a reason for why human behavior is difficult to study.

A

reactivity

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4
Q

Once you have defined the terms you wish to examine, what is the next step in examining psychological properties?

A

choosing an appropriate measure

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5
Q

Professor Knice gives his introductory psychology class of 300 students an exam and everyone earns an A. The exam lacks the _____ to detect which students studied and which did not.

A

power

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6
Q

In addition to reliability and validity, good measurements should also have which characteristic?

A

power

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7
Q

Celeste wants to understand why her identical twin sisters are more alike than she and their older sister are. Celeste is interested in which goal of scientific research?

A

identifying the causal relationships that explain differences between groups

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8
Q

The more time children spend playing video games at home, the lower their grades are at school. This represents a:

A

negative correlation

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9
Q

Children who watch televised aggression act more aggressively. A possible explanation is that:
A. aggressive children choose to watch televised aggression.
B. televised aggression makes children more aggressive.
C. there is a third variable that is causally related to both.
D. All of these answers are possible.

A

D. All of these answers are possible.

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10
Q

Dr. Saunders wants to conduct a study with chickens as subjects. What must be true about this study?
A. Suffering must be minimized.
B. Dr. Saunders must be trained in working with chickens.
C. Dr. Saunders is responsible for the well-being of the chickens.
D. All of these must be true.

A

D. All of these must be true

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11
Q

Which of the following is one of the major ethical principles that psychologists must follow when conducting research?
A. informed consent
B. debriefing
C. risk-benefit analysis
D. A researcher must follow all of these principles.

A

D. A researcher must follow all of these principles.

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12
Q

According to the American Psychological Association, when is it acceptable for a psychological researcher to coerce participants?

A

never

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13
Q

_____ involves relying on assumptions and beliefs about the world, whereas _____ involves making direct observations of the world.

A

Dogmatism; empiricism

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14
Q 
Which of the following is a component of a good theory? 
 A. It is elaborate. 
B. It cannot be falsified. 
C. It is falsifiable. 
D. It is famous.
A

C. it is falsifiable

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15
Q

When Meredith is with her friends she is very talkative and outgoing, but when she meets new people she is often shy and quiet. Meredith’s behavior is a good example of how _____ makes people difficult to study

A

reactivity

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16
Q

If you take an intelligence test three times within a week and get scores of 100, 75, and 125, the test is probably not:

A

Reliable

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17
Q

John is participating in a study and is asked if he would stop and help someone whose car has broken down on the freeway. John answers yes even though he knows he would probably not stop and help. John’s response reflects the power of:

A

Demand characteristics

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18
Q

When naturalistic observation is NOT an option, which of the following is the best technique to avoid demand characteristics?

A

Use a double-blind design

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19
Q

The number of different types of Olympic medals (gold, silver, bronze) that a country wins is an example of a:

A

variable

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20
Q

A boxer suddenly begins experiencing wild mood swings and bizarre behavior. A neuroscientist determines that the boxer has traumatic brain injury probably caused by numerous concussions. The neuroscientist then studies the brain functioning of the boxer in great detail using fMRI brain imaging techniques to learn more about concussions. This represents a(n):

A

case study

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21
Q

Dr. Sterling, a leading researcher in Alzheimer’s disease, is studying the effects of a new drug on 10 Alzheimer’s patients in the hospital where he works. What is the population of this study?

A

everyone with Alzheimer’s disease

22
Q

According to the principle of informed consent, the researcher does NOT have to inform potential participants about:
A. the hypothesis of the study.
B. painful procedures involved in the study.
C. embarrassing questions they may be asked as part of the study.
D. the potential of harm from the study.

A

A. the hypothesis of the study

23
Q 
Maximizing benefits and reducing research risks is associated with the principle of: 
 A. justice. 
B. respect for persons. 
C. fidelity. 
D. beneficence.
A

D. beneficence

24
Q

According to the American Psychological Association, when is it acceptable for a psychological researcher to coerce participants?
A. when there is no other way to conduct the research
B. when the results of the study will benefit humanity
C. when the participants are financially compensated and debriefed at the conclusion of the study
D. never

A

D. NEVER

25
Q

The _____ is a set of principles used to describe the relationships between ideas and evidence.

A

scientific method

26
Q

A scientist theorizes that several billion years ago a large asteroid collided with the Earth, knocking tons of rock into space and creating the moon. Which of the following constitutes a research hypothesis that follows from this theory?

A

Moon rock should be made of the same elements as Earth rock

27
Q

Measuring depression and measuring a minute:
A. are different because measuring depression requires an operational definition, but measuring a minute does not.
B. are different because measuring a minute requires an operational definition, but measuring depression does not.
C. are different because a minute has an absolute duration, but depression has no absolute qualities.
D. are similar because both require operational definitions.

A

D. are similar because both require operational definitions.

28
Q

If a measure is valid, it has a strong _____ with the thing that it is measuring.

A

Conceptual relationship

29
Q

Researchers often use computers in their experiments to keep from influencing the participants and thus remaining _____ to the conditions to which the participants have been assigned.

A

blind

30
Q

At a particular high school, there is a negative correlation between popularity and academic success. Which of the following statements can be accurately inferred?

A

Students who do extremely well academically probably will be viewed as less popular.

31
Q

Why can you NOT claim a cause-and-effect relationship with correlational studies?
A. You do not know the direction of the relationship between the variables.
B. You do not know which variable came first to cause the effect in the other variable.
C. There could be another variable that causes the effect in both variables of interest.
D. All answers here are correct.

A

D. All of these answers are correct

32
Q

Where did the principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice first appear, as applied to research?

A

The Belmont Report

33
Q

Dr. Horton made it clear to his introductory psychology students that if they didn’t participate in his research, they would receive a failing grade in his class. What ethical principle has Dr. Horton violated?

A

freedom from coercion

34
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a challenge to scientifically studying human behavior? 
 A. variability 
B. reactivity 
C. reliability 
D. complexity
A

reliability

35
Q

A good _____ for aggression may be number of times one rat bites another rat.

A

operational definition

36
Q 
Dr. Roberts wants to see how children usually interact on the playground. She should probably use a(n): 
 A. case method . 
B. experiment. 
C. operational definition. 
D. naturalistic observation.
A

D. naturalistic observation

37
Q

If an experiment has a high degree of _____, a causal relation can be demonstrated between two variables.

A

internal validity

38
Q

_____ validity refers to whether variables have been operationally defined in a realistic way.

A

External

39
Q 
Many researchers use this method when they are given the opportunity to study a person who has unique characteristics. 
 A. experimentation 
B. case method 
C. naturalistic observation 
D. double-blind observation
A

B. case method

40
Q

In a groundbreaking study, Dr. DuBois reported that monkeys could acquire both English and French. When asked for the data by a colleague, Dr. DuBois did not share them. Should Dr. DuBois share the data?
A. No, because researchers retain the rights to their data.
B. No, because the other researcher might steal her data.
C. Yes, because the colleague is her friend.
D. Yes, because the APA code requires data sharing for re-analysis.

A

D. Yes, because the APA code requires data sharing for re-analysis

41
Q

Researchers have been unable to pinpoint one cause of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. There are several factors that can contribute to the existence of the disorder. This is a good example of the _____ of people that make them difficult to study.

A

complexity

42
Q

The health department is testing the effectiveness of a recent campaign promoting a healthy lifestyle. Of the following, which is the best operational definition of “healthy lifestyle”?
A. self-report
B. naturalistic observation
C. number of fruits and vegetables consumed in a day
D. how healthy they are

A

C. number of fruits and vegetables consumed in day

43
Q

A reliable measure is one that:
A. is consistent.
B. measures what it was intended to measure.
C. predicts actual behavior.
D. co-varies with the independent variable.

A

A. is consistent

44
Q

As the number of rainy days increases, so does the height of all of the tomato plants. There appears to be a(n) _____ correlation between number of rainy days and plant height.

A

positive

45
Q

Bart thinks his dog is losing his hair because Bart switched him to a new brand of food. Bart gradually reduces the amount of food from the new brand and increases the amount of the old brand until the dog is only eating the old brand of food. The type and amount of the dog’s food is an example of:

A

manipulation

46
Q 
The Smith family has very little money and no health insurance. A researcher approaches them and promises free health care for their children for two years if he can subject the children to a series of experimental vaccines, which may have serious side effects. The Smith family does not want harm to come to their children but they feel compelled to participate because of the free health care. According to the APA code of ethics the researcher is violating which principle? 
 A. informed consent 
B. freedom from coercion 
C. protection from harm 
D. debriefing
A

B. Freedom from coercion

47
Q

How are psychologists required to share credit when conducting research?

A

by acknowledging both their collaborators and other researchers in the area of study

48
Q

Karen has heard that people are more likely to yawn after seeing others yawn. She decides to observe people to determine if this is true. Karen is a(n):

A

empiricist

49
Q

Which of the following best defines the word “theory”?

A

a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomena

50
Q 
Once you have defined the terms you wish to examine, what is the next step in examining psychological properties? 
 A. choosing an appropriate measure 
B. collecting data 
C. analyzing data 
D. reporting your results
A

A. choosing an appropriate measure

Psych 101 - Test 1 (3 decks)

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