Chapter 1

Question 1

Aristotle argued that a child’s mind is:

Answer 1

a tabula rasa

Question 2

According to Aristotle, being completely shaped by experience, with no innate structures, would make your mind like a(n):

Answer 2

a tabula rasa

Question 3

A _____ is a sensory input from the environment.

Answer 3

stimulus

Question 4

Freud’s study of patients with hysteria was most useful for understanding which part of the mind?

Answer 4

unconscious

Question 5

Which group of psychologists developed their ideas in isolation from academic settings?

Answer 5

psychoanalysts

Question 6

Therapists’ use of the term “client” rather than “patient” began with which area of psychology?

Answer 6

humanistic

Question 7

Whenever your doorbell rings, there is a pizza delivery person there, bringing you a tasty pizza. One day, you notice you begin to salivate at the sound of the doorbell, a few minutes before you smell or taste the pizza. In this case, the doorbell is a(n) _____ that produces a(n) _____ of salivation.

Answer 7

stimulus; response

Question 8

According to Pavlov, a _____ is an action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus.

Answer 8

response

Question 9

Every time Tammy completes a math problem correctly, her mom gives her a cookie. This makes her more likely to complete math problems correctly in the future. This is an example of:

Answer 9

reinforcement

Question 10

Which psychological perspective would agree with the statement, “The whole is more than the sum of its parts”?

Answer 10

Gestalt psychology

Question 11

Cognitive psychology applies scientific methods to the study of:

Answer 11

mental processes, such as memory, perception, and thought.

Question 12

_____ is the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.

Answer 12

Cognitive psychology

Question 13

Historical events such as the rise of Nazism, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Holocaust helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology?

Answer 13

Social psychology

Question 14

To better understand Nazi atrocities, social psychologists began to study:

Answer 14

conformity and obedience

Question 15

It is important to study the social influences on mental events because:

Answer 15

people are inherently social creatures with a network of friends, family, and coworkers.

Question 16

Most people who call themselves psychologists are in the subfield of psychology known as:

Answer 16

clinical psychology

Question 17

The American Psychological Society was formed because the membership of the American Psychological Association:

Answer 17

was made up predominantly of clinical and health-related psychologists.

Question 18

The American Psychological Association was formed:

Answer 18

in 1892 on the campus of Clark University.

Question 19

Franz Gall believed that the bumps and indentations on the skull are indicative of the shape of the brain. Gall called this theory:

Answer 19

phrenology

Question 20

Your professor tells you that by examining the bumps on your head, she can tell you about your personality. What practice is she describing?

Answer 20

phrenology

Question 21

Wundt’s method of studying consciousness was influenced by which discipline?

Answer 21

physiology

Question 22

Charcot and Janet were interested in which of the following phenomena, which involves temporary loss of motor control or cognitive functions?

Answer 22

hysteria

Question 23

Dr. Speck is interested in understanding the normal operations of the mind. A patient with dissociative identity disorder is referred to his clinic. Would this patient provide insight into the normal function of the mind?

Answer 23

Yes, because studying the mental disruptions associated with the disorder reveal important differences between these processes and those of a normal state.

Question 24

Which area of psychology was associated with identifying the full scope of positive human potential?

Answer 24

humanism

Question 25

_____ stresses the importance of studying observable behaviors and ignores the mental processes involved in different tasks.

Answer 25

Behaviorism

Question 26

By _____ a behavior, you increase the chances that it will occur again.

Answer 26

reinforcing

Question 27

Which of the following statements is NOT true about B. F. Skinner?
A. He developed a specialized chamber in which rats could press levers to earn food.
B. He taught Little Albert to fear rats.
C. He denied the existence of free will.
D. He developed the principle of reinforcement.

Answer 27

B. He taught Little Albert to fear rats

Question 28

_____ is the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.

Answer 28

Cognitive psychology

Question 29

How does cognitive neuroscience differ from cognitive psychology?

Answer 29

Cognitive neuroscience attempts to link thinking to brain activity while cognitive psychology focuses more on mental processes themselves.

Question 30

_____ study the link between brain and behavior, sometimes by observing an organism on a specific task after performing surgery to remove certain parts of the brain.

Answer 30

Behavioral neuroscientist

Question 31

Historical events such as the rise of Nazism, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Holocaust helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology?

Answer 31

Social psychology

Question 32

JoNell is a psychologist interested in studying how people solve problems in groups. What type of psychologist is she?

Answer 32

Social

Question 33

Although cognitive processes depend on the brain, humans (and their behaviors) are also a product of the environment around them. How does cultural psychology include this aspect?

Answer 33

It examines how behavior is influenced by the cultural values, traditions, and beliefs shared by a group.

Question 34

A _____ treats individuals with psychological problems and is allowed to prescribe medications.

Answer 34

psychiatrist

Question 35

This type of psychologist deals with workplace issues.

Answer 35

industrial-organizational psychologist

Question 36

The word psychology is derived from the Greek words psyche and logos. Which combination of definitions is correct for these words?

Answer 36

soul; to study

Question 37

The idea that people could have several “selves” that were independent and unaware of each other came from which psychological movement?

Answer 37

psychoanalysts

Question 38

Which area of psychology was associated with identifying the full scope of positive human potential?

Answer 38

humanism

Question 39

Whenever your doorbell rings, there is a pizza delivery person there, bringing you a tasty pizza. One day, you notice you begin to salivate at the sound of the doorbell, a few minutes before you smell or taste the pizza. In this case, the doorbell is a(n) _____ that produces a(n) _____ of salivation.

Answer 39

stimulus; response

Question 40

A rat is being trained to learn its way through a complex maze. When the rat successfully makes its way through the maze, it receives water and food, and runs faster next time. What psychological principle does this example illustrate?

Answer 40

reinforcement

Question 41

Our susceptibility to the Müeller-Lyer illusion is influenced by our:

Answer 41

culture

Question 42

By using brain scanning, cognitive neuroscientists can:
A. target damaged brain areas and repair them by repeated scanning.
B. localize each individual neuron involved in a specific cognitive task.
C. observe and identify brain activity associated with specific tasks.
D. determine precise cause and effect relationships between brain and behavior

Answer 42

C. observe and identify brain activity associated with specific tasks.

Question 43

Chad explains his irresponsible spending by speculating that he shares genes with ancestors who had no need to save for the future because their lives were brutish and short. Which field of psychology is most consistent with his view?

Answer 43

evolutionary psychology

Question 44

Historical events such as the rise of Nazism, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Holocaust helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology?

Answer 44

social psychology

Question 45

Which psychologist believed that a complete discipline of psychology would have a laboratory component supplemented with a cultural perspective?

Answer 45

Wundt

Question 46

The American Psychological Society was formed to create an organization:

Answer 46

that focused exclusively on psychologists performing scientific research.

Question 47

The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was:

Answer 47

Mary Calkins