Chapter 1 Flashcards
Aristotle argued that a child’s mind is:
a tabula rasa
According to Aristotle, being completely shaped by experience, with no innate structures, would make your mind like a(n):
a tabula rasa
A _____ is a sensory input from the environment.
stimulus
Freud’s study of patients with hysteria was most useful for understanding which part of the mind?
unconscious
Which group of psychologists developed their ideas in isolation from academic settings?
psychoanalysts
Therapists’ use of the term “client” rather than “patient” began with which area of psychology?
humanistic
Whenever your doorbell rings, there is a pizza delivery person there, bringing you a tasty pizza. One day, you notice you begin to salivate at the sound of the doorbell, a few minutes before you smell or taste the pizza. In this case, the doorbell is a(n) _____ that produces a(n) _____ of salivation.
stimulus; response
According to Pavlov, a _____ is an action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus.
response
Every time Tammy completes a math problem correctly, her mom gives her a cookie. This makes her more likely to complete math problems correctly in the future. This is an example of:
reinforcement
Which psychological perspective would agree with the statement, “The whole is more than the sum of its parts”?
Gestalt psychology
Cognitive psychology applies scientific methods to the study of:
mental processes, such as memory, perception, and thought.
_____ is the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.
Cognitive psychology
Historical events such as the rise of Nazism, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Holocaust helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology?
Social psychology
To better understand Nazi atrocities, social psychologists began to study:
conformity and obedience
It is important to study the social influences on mental events because:
people are inherently social creatures with a network of friends, family, and coworkers.
Most people who call themselves psychologists are in the subfield of psychology known as:
clinical psychology
The American Psychological Society was formed because the membership of the American Psychological Association:
was made up predominantly of clinical and health-related psychologists.
The American Psychological Association was formed:
in 1892 on the campus of Clark University.
Franz Gall believed that the bumps and indentations on the skull are indicative of the shape of the brain. Gall called this theory:
phrenology
Your professor tells you that by examining the bumps on your head, she can tell you about your personality. What practice is she describing?
phrenology
Wundt’s method of studying consciousness was influenced by which discipline?
physiology
Charcot and Janet were interested in which of the following phenomena, which involves temporary loss of motor control or cognitive functions?
hysteria
Dr. Speck is interested in understanding the normal operations of the mind. A patient with dissociative identity disorder is referred to his clinic. Would this patient provide insight into the normal function of the mind?
Yes, because studying the mental disruptions associated with the disorder reveal important differences between these processes and those of a normal state.
Which area of psychology was associated with identifying the full scope of positive human potential?
humanism
_____ stresses the importance of studying observable behaviors and ignores the mental processes involved in different tasks.
Behaviorism
By _____ a behavior, you increase the chances that it will occur again.
reinforcing
Which of the following statements is NOT true about B. F. Skinner?
A. He developed a specialized chamber in which rats could press levers to earn food.
B. He taught Little Albert to fear rats.
C. He denied the existence of free will.
D. He developed the principle of reinforcement.
B. He taught Little Albert to fear rats
_____ is the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.
Cognitive psychology
How does cognitive neuroscience differ from cognitive psychology?
Cognitive neuroscience attempts to link thinking to brain activity while cognitive psychology focuses more on mental processes themselves.
_____ study the link between brain and behavior, sometimes by observing an organism on a specific task after performing surgery to remove certain parts of the brain.
Behavioral neuroscientist
Historical events such as the rise of Nazism, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Holocaust helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology?
Social psychology
JoNell is a psychologist interested in studying how people solve problems in groups. What type of psychologist is she?
Social
Although cognitive processes depend on the brain, humans (and their behaviors) are also a product of the environment around them. How does cultural psychology include this aspect?
It examines how behavior is influenced by the cultural values, traditions, and beliefs shared by a group.
A _____ treats individuals with psychological problems and is allowed to prescribe medications.
psychiatrist
This type of psychologist deals with workplace issues.
industrial-organizational psychologist
The word psychology is derived from the Greek words psyche and logos. Which combination of definitions is correct for these words?
soul; to study
The idea that people could have several “selves” that were independent and unaware of each other came from which psychological movement?
psychoanalysts
Which area of psychology was associated with identifying the full scope of positive human potential?
humanism
Whenever your doorbell rings, there is a pizza delivery person there, bringing you a tasty pizza. One day, you notice you begin to salivate at the sound of the doorbell, a few minutes before you smell or taste the pizza. In this case, the doorbell is a(n) _____ that produces a(n) _____ of salivation.
stimulus; response
A rat is being trained to learn its way through a complex maze. When the rat successfully makes its way through the maze, it receives water and food, and runs faster next time. What psychological principle does this example illustrate?
reinforcement
Our susceptibility to the Müeller-Lyer illusion is influenced by our:
culture
By using brain scanning, cognitive neuroscientists can:
A. target damaged brain areas and repair them by repeated scanning.
B. localize each individual neuron involved in a specific cognitive task.
C. observe and identify brain activity associated with specific tasks.
D. determine precise cause and effect relationships between brain and behavior
C. observe and identify brain activity associated with specific tasks.
Chad explains his irresponsible spending by speculating that he shares genes with ancestors who had no need to save for the future because their lives were brutish and short. Which field of psychology is most consistent with his view?
evolutionary psychology
Historical events such as the rise of Nazism, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Holocaust helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology?
social psychology
Which psychologist believed that a complete discipline of psychology would have a laboratory component supplemented with a cultural perspective?
Wundt
The American Psychological Society was formed to create an organization:
that focused exclusively on psychologists performing scientific research.
The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was:
Mary Calkins