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Psych 101 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a population in a research study ?

A

The entire group in which the investigator wants to draw conclusions from

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2
Q

What is a sample ?

A

The subset of a population chosen by the investigator for a study

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3
Q

What is the difference between a random sample and a random assignment ?

A

A random sample is about giving the population an equal representation in a study or the sample being a representation of the population a random assignment is about making the experimental and the control group equivalent

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4
Q

2 common physical settings for research

A

Research lab or natural settings

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5
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A

Viewing behavior in a real world setting

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6
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

A mathematical procedure that is used to describe and summarize sets of data in a meaningful way

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7
Q

Experimental Design

A
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8
Q

Mean

A

The average

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9
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

The mean, the median, the mode

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10
Q

Median

A

Middle score

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11
Q

Mode

A

Most common score

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12
Q

Standard Deviation

A

The measure of how much the scores in a sample differ from the average or mean

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13
Q

Measures of Dispersion

A

Describes how much the scores in a sample differ from one another

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14
Q

How do you calculate Standard Deviation

A

Take each persons difference from the mean and square it then add the squared deviation and divide by the number of cases minus 1 then take the square root of that number

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15
Q

What is meant by the measure of central tendency ?

A

The mean the median and the mode

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16
Q

What 2 things do the ethical principles used in research seek to balance

A

Rights of the participants and the rights of the scientists to ask research questions

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17
Q

With respect to participants in a study, what to the various ethical guidelines covering research all fundamentally seek to protect ?

A
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18
Q

What 4 key issues do the APA’s ethics guidelines address

A
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19
Q

What did pennebakers subsequent experimental research show ?

A
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20
Q

What does the accumulated body of evidence indicate about the effects of expressive writing on health?

A
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21
Q

Theory

A

A set of ideas or idea that helps explain observations and allows scientists to make predictions.

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22
Q

5 steps of the scientific method

A
  1. Observing some phenomena
  2. Formulating Hypotheses and predictions
  3. Testing through empirical research
  4. Drawing Conclusions
  5. Evaluating the theory
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23
Q

Hypothesis

A

An educated guess or a prediction that is able to be tested

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24
Q

Prediction

A

A statement about the expectation of the outcome of a study

25
Q

Empirical Method

A

Gaining understanding through observations and objective data

26
Q

Variable

A

Anything that can change

27
Q

Operational Definition

A

An objective definition that describes how the variable is going to be observed and measured

28
Q

Case Study

A

An in depth look at a single individual

29
Q

Case History

A
30
Q

Confederate

A
31
Q

Control Group

A
32
Q

Correlational Research

A

Studies the relationship between two variables to find out if they change and why they change together

33
Q

Cross Sectional Design

A

A type of correlational study in which the variables are measured at a single point in time

34
Q

Demand Characteristic

A
35
Q

Dependent Variable

A

What is changing based on the independent variable

36
Q

Descriptive Research

A

Describes a phenomenon or defines it and can identify problems. Cannot prove what causes the phenomena

37
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A
38
Q

Double Blind Experiment

A
39
Q

Empirical Method

A
40
Q

Experiment

A

A regulated procedure in which a researcher manipulates one or more variables

41
Q

Experimental group

A
42
Q

Experiment Bias

A
43
Q

External Validity

A

The degree to which an experiment replicates real world issues it is supposed to address

44
Q

Hypothesis

A
45
Q

Independent Variable

A

What the researcher changes to see how it affects the variable

46
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Mathematical data that shows wether the data sufficiently support a hypothesis

47
Q

Internal Validity

A

The degree to which changes in the dependent variable are because of the independent variable

48
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

A systematic observation that involves obtaining measures of the variables being studied over a long period of time

49
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

Unmeasured variable that is the reason for the relationship between to correlated variables

50
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A
51
Q

Population

A

The entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions

52
Q

Placebo effect

A
53
Q

Range

A

The distance between the highest and lowest score

54
Q

Replication

A

Repeating a study with a new sample to see if the outcome is the same

55
Q

Research participant bias

A
56
Q

Meta analysis

A

A statistical procedure that combines a large amount of evidence from research literature on a specific topic

57
Q

Why is an operational definition valuable in a study

A

It is valuable bc it sets a clear definition for how the variable will be observed and measured in order to eliminate misunderstanding and increase validity of study

58
Q

Why do researchers use meta analysis

A

To determine wether a result is consistent and to estimate the size of the relationship between variables or the effect of an intervention

59
Q

Random Sample

A

A sample that gives every member from the population an equal chance of getting chosen

Psych 101 (4 decks)

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