Chapter 2 Flashcards
what is infertility
inability conceive when desired
who is affected by infertility
woman 34 or less not conceived within twelve months of actively attempting or over 34 actively attempting for six months
what are some sperm abnormalities that could cause infertility
overall number, size, shape, motility, autoimmune disorders varicoeles (enlarged testicular vein), meds, illicit drugs, alcohol, smoking, tight clothing
what are some abnormal Seminal fluid that could cause infertility
Seminal fluid Carrie sperm, sperm coagulates immediately after ejaculation and liquefies within 30 minutes
what are some abnormal ejaculations that could affect infertility
retrograde ejaculation Semen release into bladder instead of penis, hypospadias release closer to vaginal opening rather than cervix
what are some female factors that cause infertility
depends on production of normal ova, path from ovary to uterus, endometrium to support pregnancies
what is the first step to determine infertility in women
determine if regular ovulation is occurring
what are some disorders of ovulation that cause infertility
balanced, timed interaction between hypothalamus, ovary and pituitary
what are some causes for disorder of ovulation
chemo, excessive alcohol use, PCOS, smoking, menopause, amenorrhea
what is something abnormal in the fallopian tubes that could cause infertility
blockage of the tubes from infection, endometritis, pelvic surgery
what are some abnormal things that could happen in uterus/cervix/ovaries to cause infertility
congenital abnormalities of reproductive tract, uterine myomas (benign tumor), PCOS,
what should women avoid that affects Ph
douching
what are some hormone abnormalities that could affect infertility
can interfere with ovulation, uterine lining development, ovum development and release
what is coital frequency for infertility
intercourse every 48 hours around ovulation time
what age does fertility start to decline
35
how does smoking cause infertility
supresses immune system leading to loss of reproductive function
how does exercise/diet/weight affect infertility
excessive exercise decreases fertility and obesity causes ovarian dysfunction
how does emotions play a role in infertility
doesnt cause it but having a baby becomes a job
what is the first test for men when worried about infertility and how is the sample collected
semen analysis for quantity and quality, the sample needs to be collected after 2-3 days abstinence and get to a lab within an hour
how do drugs/chemical exposure effect fertility
chemo, antihistamines (decrease vaginal secretions), NSAIDs block egg release
what female testing is done to determine fertility
US to ID maturation/release of ovum, endocrine, hormone issues
what is a hysterosalpingogram
xray to evaluate reproductive organs like uterus and fallopian tubes
what is a PCT postcoital test
assess cervical mucus, sperm, degree of sperm penetration through cervical mucus, taken from cervical mucosa several hours after intercourse
what does the med Clomiphene citrate (clomid) do
helps ovulate, triggers release of FSH and LH which stimulates ovulation
what does the med progesterone do
promotes implantation and pregnancy support
what are some complications for infertility meds
ovarian hyperstimulation (clomid), ovarian enlargement, ascites with or without pain, plueral effusion
what is a transcercal tuboplasty
corrects fallopian tube abnormalities
what does an endoscopic treatment do
corrects obstructions
what does a laproscopic treatment do
ablation of endometrial implants, helps patients with endometriosis
what is a varicocelectomy
corrects varicosele in testicle (enlarged vein in the testicles that caused too much heat for sperm to survive)
what is therapeutic insemination
placement of semen at cervical OS or in uterus, partner or donor sperm (washed first and put in solution to help with motility)
what does ZIFT stand for
zygote intrafallopian transfer
how does a ZIFT work
oocytes fertilized outside of body and zygote placed in distal fallopian tube
what goes GIFT stand for
gamete intrafallopian transfer
how does GIFT work
must have one patent fallopian tube, 3-5 oocytes harvester from ovary and placed in catheter with washed sperm then injected into fallopian tube
what does IVF stand for
invitro fertilization
how does IVF work
retrieval of occytes combined with sperm in lab then into uterus
what does FET stand for
frozen embryo transfer
how does FET work
must have one patent fallopian tube, oocyte fertilized outside body and then the embryo is placed into the uterus for implantation
what med is given for therapeutic insemination
clomiophene to induce ovulation
