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A&P Chapters 1-4 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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WSET ® Level 4 D2 Business of Wine flashcards
1
Q

What are the three subatomic particles?

A

proton, neutron, electron

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2
Q

What four elements make up 96% of the weight of chemicals in your body?

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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3
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Formed when atoms gain or lose electrons
Result from the electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions (NaCl)

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4
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Formed when 2 atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons (H2, CH4)

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5
Q

What are polar bonds?

A

When one atom has greater affinity for elections than another atom (H2O)

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6
Q

What are non-polar bonds?

A

When electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms (O2)

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7
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

When a hydrogen atom is attracted to a very electronegative atom (O or N)

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8
Q

What is a cation?

A

positively charged ions (lost electrons)

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9
Q

What is an anion?

A

negatively charged ions (gained electrons)

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10
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

water-loving

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11
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

water-repelling

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12
Q

What is high-heat capacity?

A

absorbs large amounts of heat before changing appreciable temperature itself

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13
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution

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14
Q

What is a solution?

A

a uniform mixture of two or more substances

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15
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A liquid in which other atoms , ions, or molecules are distributed

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16
Q

What is a solute?

A

The dissolved substances

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17
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

More substances dissolve in it than any other liquid

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18
Q

What is an acid?

A

A solution with a pH below 7; any solute that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions

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19
Q

What is a base?

A

A solution with a pH above 7; a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution

20
Q

What is pH the measure of?

A

hydrogen ion concentration

21
Q

What is the normal pH range?

A

7.35-7.45

22
Q

What is extremely acidic, neutral, and extremely basic?

A

stomach acid, water, oven cleaner

23
Q

What is a buffer?

A

compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions (sodium bicarbonate)

24
Q

What is acidosis?

A

when your pH drops below 7.35

25
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

when your pH elevates above 7.45

26
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

consist of C, H, O (C-H2O);
simple sugars; monosaccharides. disaccharides
complex: polysaccharides = mono+di, cellulose, chitin, starch, glycogen

27
Q

What are lipids?

A

fatty acids, triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids, fat-soluble vitamins
dissolves in non-polar solvent

28
Q

What are proteins?

A

The workhorse of cells, 7 major functions: support, movement, transport, buffering, regulation of pH, coordination and control, defense

29
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

30
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

simple sugars composed of CHO in proportions 1:2:1

31
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

molecules composed of 2 monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis

32
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides linked together in 1 chain; water soluble; glycogen

33
Q

what are fatty acids?

A

long chains of C and H with a carboxyl group (COOH) on one end

34
Q

What is triacylglycerol?

A

energy storage, long chains of C and H with one long line

35
Q

What is Glycerophospholipids?

A

cell membrane; long chains of C and H with multiple long lines

36
Q

What are steroids?

A

cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone;
carbon atoms arranged in 4 rings
physiological regulators and component of cell membrane

37
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

important regulatory molecules, response to injury and hormone secretion;
derived from fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acid

38
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

39
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure and what do they do?

A

primary - amino acid structure 1 by 1
secondary - hydrogen bonding in between peptide bonds (ribbon)
tertiary - 3-D interactions of primary structure; peptide folded in on itself H bond crimped
quaternary - 4 different protein molecules

40
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

a complex molecule broken down by the addition of a water molecule

41
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

two molecules are joined together by the removal of a water molecule

42
Q

What is DNA? what does it look like?

A

in nucleus; long term chemical information; double helix
sugar: deoxyribose

43
Q

What is RNA? What does it look like?

A

in cell of cytosol; short term chemical information; single helix
sugar: ribose

44
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

nucleotide: 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group

45
Q

What are the 4 bases of DNA?

A

adenine: double ring
guanine: double ring
thymine: single ring
cytosine: single ring

46
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Promote chemical reactions by lowering their required activation energy

47
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the amount of energy required to start a reaction

A&P Chapters 1-4 (4 decks)

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