Chapter 2 Flashcards
What are the three subatomic particles?
proton, neutron, electron
What four elements make up 96% of the weight of chemicals in your body?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
What are ionic bonds?
Formed when atoms gain or lose electrons
Result from the electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions (NaCl)
What are covalent bonds?
Formed when 2 atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons (H2, CH4)
What are polar bonds?
When one atom has greater affinity for elections than another atom (H2O)
What are non-polar bonds?
When electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms (O2)
What are hydrogen bonds?
When a hydrogen atom is attracted to a very electronegative atom (O or N)
What is a cation?
positively charged ions (lost electrons)
What is an anion?
negatively charged ions (gained electrons)
What is hydrophilic?
water-loving
What is hydrophobic?
water-repelling
What is high-heat capacity?
absorbs large amounts of heat before changing appreciable temperature itself
What is an electrolyte?
inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution
What is a solution?
a uniform mixture of two or more substances
What is a solvent?
A liquid in which other atoms , ions, or molecules are distributed
What is a solute?
The dissolved substances
Why is water a good solvent?
More substances dissolve in it than any other liquid
What is an acid?
A solution with a pH below 7; any solute that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions
What is a base?
A solution with a pH above 7; a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution
What is pH the measure of?
hydrogen ion concentration
What is the normal pH range?
7.35-7.45
What is extremely acidic, neutral, and extremely basic?
stomach acid, water, oven cleaner
What is a buffer?
compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions (sodium bicarbonate)
What is acidosis?
when your pH drops below 7.35
What is alkalosis?
when your pH elevates above 7.45
What are carbohydrates?
consist of C, H, O (C-H2O);
simple sugars; monosaccharides. disaccharides
complex: polysaccharides = mono+di, cellulose, chitin, starch, glycogen
What are lipids?
fatty acids, triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids, fat-soluble vitamins
dissolves in non-polar solvent
What are proteins?
The workhorse of cells, 7 major functions: support, movement, transport, buffering, regulation of pH, coordination and control, defense
What are nucleic acids?
large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
What are monosaccharides?
simple sugars composed of CHO in proportions 1:2:1
What are disaccharides?
molecules composed of 2 monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis
What are polysaccharides?
monosaccharides and disaccharides linked together in 1 chain; water soluble; glycogen
what are fatty acids?
long chains of C and H with a carboxyl group (COOH) on one end
What is triacylglycerol?
energy storage, long chains of C and H with one long line
What is Glycerophospholipids?
cell membrane; long chains of C and H with multiple long lines
What are steroids?
cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone;
carbon atoms arranged in 4 rings
physiological regulators and component of cell membrane
What are eicosanoids?
important regulatory molecules, response to injury and hormone secretion;
derived from fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acid
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
What are the 4 levels of protein structure and what do they do?
primary - amino acid structure 1 by 1
secondary - hydrogen bonding in between peptide bonds (ribbon)
tertiary - 3-D interactions of primary structure; peptide folded in on itself H bond crimped
quaternary - 4 different protein molecules
What is hydrolysis?
a complex molecule broken down by the addition of a water molecule
What is dehydration synthesis?
two molecules are joined together by the removal of a water molecule
What is DNA? what does it look like?
in nucleus; long term chemical information; double helix
sugar: deoxyribose
What is RNA? What does it look like?
in cell of cytosol; short term chemical information; single helix
sugar: ribose
What is DNA made of?
nucleotide: 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group
What are the 4 bases of DNA?
adenine: double ring
guanine: double ring
thymine: single ring
cytosine: single ring
What is an enzyme?
Promote chemical reactions by lowering their required activation energy
What is activation energy?
the amount of energy required to start a reaction
