Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is anatomy?
The study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships
What is physiology?
The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions
What are the 2 main types of anatomy?
Gross and microscopic
What are the levels of organization found in the human body?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What are the main organs in the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails
What are the main functions of the integumentary system?
Protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information
What are the main organs in the skeletal system?
Bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, bone marrow
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
Provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells
What are the main organs in the muscular system?
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
What are the main functions ones the muscular system?
Provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temperature
What are the main organs in the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
What are the main functions of the nervous system?
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
What are the main organs of the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems
What are the main functions of the endocrine system?
Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during development
What are the main organs of the cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood, blood vessels
What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?
Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
What are the main organs in the lymphatic system?
spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?
Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the blood stream
What are the main organs in the respiratory system?
nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from blood stream
What are the main organs of the digestive system?
teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What are the main functions of the digestive system?
processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves
What are the main organs in the urinary system?
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
What are the functions of the urinary system?
excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
What is the principle of complementary? (“form fits function”)
All physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures. The form of a structure relates to its function.
What is homeostasis?
The existence of a stable environment; dynamic state of equilibrium
What is autoregulation?
Local control (intrinsic); short-distance
What is extrinsic regulation?
Involves long-distance activity of the nervous or endocrine systems
What a is positive feedback loop?
initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions
What is a positive feedback loop example?
A break in the blood vessel wall; platelets adhere to site and release chemicals; the released platelets attract more chemicals; platelets plug forms to stop bleeding
What is a negative feedback loop?
initial stimulus produces a response that decreases the original change in conditions; when you are hot. your vessels dilate and you sweat. when you are cold, your vessels constrict and you shiver
What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?
Right upper; right lower; left upper; left lower
What are the abdominopelvic regions?
right hypochondriac; right lumbar; right inguinal; epigastric; umbilical; hypogastric; left hypochondriac; left lumbar; left inguinal
What is the membrane that Iines the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Serous membrane
What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity?
diaphragm
What cavities are in the thoracic cavity?
pleural and pericardial
What cavities are in the abdominopelvic cavity?
peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic
