Chapter 2

Question 1

What makes up the external/general environment?

Answer 1

Set of broad, uncontrollable forces that impact the organization. The six forces include: economic, technological, sociocultural, demographic, political-legal, international

Question 2

What are the three historical management perspectives? (1911-1950s)

Answer 2

1. Classical viewpoint
2. Behavioral viewpoint
3. Quantitative viewpoint

Question 3

What are the three contemporary management perspectives? (1960s-present)

Answer 3

1. Systems viewpoint
2. Contingency viewpoint
3. Quality-management viewpoint

Question 4

What is the classical viewpoint of management?

Answer 4

It emphasizes on ways to manage work more efficiently & assumes that people are rational.

Question 5

What is the behavioral viewpoint?

Answer 5

Emphasis on importance of understanding human behavior and motivating and encouraging employees toward achievement

Question 6

What is the quantitative viewpoint?

Answer 6

Emphasis on ways to manage work more efficiently using statistics, equations, and computers. Includes management science and operations management.

Question 7

What is the systems viewpoint?

Answer 7

Regards the organization as systems of interrelated parts that operate together to achieve a common purpose

Question 8

What is the contingency viewpoint?

Answer 8

Emphasizes that a managers approach should vary according to the individual and environmental situation

Question 9

What is the quality-management viewpoint?

Answer 9

Emphasizes on how to manage quality and how to achieve excellent performance. (Three approaches)

Question 10

What are the two branches of the classical viewpoint?

Answer 10

1. Scientific management
2. Administrative management

Question 11

What are the three branches of the behavioral viewpoint?

Answer 11

1. Early behaviorists
2. Human relations movement
3. Behavioral science approach

Question 12

What are the two branches of the quantitative viewpoint?

Answer 12

1. Management science
2. Operations management

Question 13

What is scientific management?

Answer 13

The study of work methods to improve the productivity of individual workers

Question 14

Who was the pioneer of scientific management?

Answer 14

Frederick Taylor (the Gilbreth’s also helped)

Question 15

What are the four principles of science?

Answer 15

1. Scientifically study each part of the task
2. Carefully select workers with the right abilities
3. Give workers the training and incentives to do the task properly
4. Use scientific principles to plan the work methods

Question 16

Who was the first to identify the major functions of management?

Answer 16

Henri Fayol

Question 17

Why is the classical viewpoint important?

Answer 17

This viewpoint made it possible to boost productivity and led to later innovations such as management by objectives and goal setting

Question 18

What is the problem with the classical viewpoint?

Answer 18

It is too mechanistic and tends to view humans as cogs within a machine, not taking into account the importance of human needs

Question 19

What is Theory X?

Answer 19

It represents a pessimistic, negative view of workers (irresponsible, resistant to change, lack ambition, hate work, want to be led).

Question 20

What is Theory Y?

Answer 20

It represents an optimistic, positive view of workers (accepting responsibility, self-direction, self-control, being creative).

Question 21

Who was the founder of Theory X versus Theory Y?

Answer 21

Douglas McGregor

Question 22

What are the three branches of the quality-management viewpoint?

Answer 22

1. Quality control
2. Quality assurance
3. Total quality management

Question 23

What is the overall process of the systems viewpoint?

Answer 23

Inputs > transformational processes > outputs > feedback > (full circle)

Question 24

What is synergy?

Answer 24

The idea that two or more forces combined create an effect that is greater than the sum of their individual effects.

Question 25

What is an organizations internal environment?

Answer 25

Elements within the organization, including current employees, management, and corporate culture

Question 26

What is an organizations task environment?

Answer 26

10 groups that interact with the organization on a regular basis

Question 27

What are the 10 groups within the task environment?

Answer 27

customers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, strategic Allie’s, employee organizations, local communities, financial institutions, gov. Regulators, and special-interest groups