Chapter 2 Flashcards
What makes up the external/general environment?
Set of broad, uncontrollable forces that impact the organization. The six forces include: economic, technological, sociocultural, demographic, political-legal, international
What are the three historical management perspectives? (1911-1950s)
- Classical viewpoint
- Behavioral viewpoint
- Quantitative viewpoint
What are the three contemporary management perspectives? (1960s-present)
- Systems viewpoint
- Contingency viewpoint
- Quality-management viewpoint
What is the classical viewpoint of management?
It emphasizes on ways to manage work more efficiently & assumes that people are rational.
What is the behavioral viewpoint?
Emphasis on importance of understanding human behavior and motivating and encouraging employees toward achievement
What is the quantitative viewpoint?
Emphasis on ways to manage work more efficiently using statistics, equations, and computers. Includes management science and operations management.
What is the systems viewpoint?
Regards the organization as systems of interrelated parts that operate together to achieve a common purpose
What is the contingency viewpoint?
Emphasizes that a managers approach should vary according to the individual and environmental situation
What is the quality-management viewpoint?
Emphasizes on how to manage quality and how to achieve excellent performance. (Three approaches)
What are the two branches of the classical viewpoint?
- Scientific management
- Administrative management
What are the three branches of the behavioral viewpoint?
- Early behaviorists
- Human relations movement
- Behavioral science approach
What are the two branches of the quantitative viewpoint?
- Management science
- Operations management
What is scientific management?
The study of work methods to improve the productivity of individual workers
Who was the pioneer of scientific management?
Frederick Taylor (the Gilbreth’s also helped)
What are the four principles of science?
- Scientifically study each part of the task
- Carefully select workers with the right abilities
- Give workers the training and incentives to do the task properly
- Use scientific principles to plan the work methods
Who was the first to identify the major functions of management?
Henri Fayol
Why is the classical viewpoint important?
This viewpoint made it possible to boost productivity and led to later innovations such as management by objectives and goal setting
What is the problem with the classical viewpoint?
It is too mechanistic and tends to view humans as cogs within a machine, not taking into account the importance of human needs
What is Theory X?
It represents a pessimistic, negative view of workers (irresponsible, resistant to change, lack ambition, hate work, want to be led).
What is Theory Y?
It represents an optimistic, positive view of workers (accepting responsibility, self-direction, self-control, being creative).
Who was the founder of Theory X versus Theory Y?
Douglas McGregor
What are the three branches of the quality-management viewpoint?
- Quality control
- Quality assurance
- Total quality management
What is the overall process of the systems viewpoint?
Inputs > transformational processes > outputs > feedback > (full circle)
What is synergy?
The idea that two or more forces combined create an effect that is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
What is an organizations internal environment?
Elements within the organization, including current employees, management, and corporate culture
What is an organizations task environment?
10 groups that interact with the organization on a regular basis
What are the 10 groups within the task environment?
customers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, strategic Allie’s, employee organizations, local communities, financial institutions, gov. Regulators, and special-interest groups
