CHAPTER 2

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Is an impulse that gives purpose or direction to behavior and operates in humans, at a conscious or unconscious level.

Divided into two

a) Physiological, primary or organic motives (Hunger, thirst, sleep)
b) Personal, social or secondary motive (affliction competition, individual interest, and goal)

Question 2

Motivation revolves two fundamental questions

Answer 2

1. What causes the behavior?

2. Why does behavior vary in its intensity

Question 3

Expanding first question (1. What causes the behaviour?) into:

Answer 3

Why does behavior start?
Once begun, why does the behavior sustained over time?
Why is behavior directed toward some goals yer away from others?

TO explain why people do what they do, we need to explain what gives behavior its energy, direction, and endurance.

Question 4

2) Why does behaviour vary in its intensity?

Answer 4

Behavior varies in its intensity, and its intensity varies both within the individual and among different individuals.

The individual is actively engaged at one time, yet the same person can be passive and listless at another time, everything depends on the situation.

Question 5

Internal process behaviour

Answer 5

Intensity (implies strength)

Direction (implies to purpose) to aim, guided to particular goal, outcome

Persistence (endurance) sustain over time and across situations

Question 6

Internal motives (need - cognition - emotion)

Answer 6

Need: (within the individual) = essential, necessary maintenance in life (Hunger, thirst, sleep)

Cognition: (mental event) thoughts, beliefs, plans goals, the expectation for the process

Emotions: (complex but coordinated feeling-arousal-purposive-expressive react to event (i.g sad after losing someone)

Question 7

Motivation is about:

Answer 7

AFFECT. We do some things because it makes us feel good, we avoid things to make us feel bad.
~We have neathere a positive or a negative response

(AFFECT IS CENTRAL FOR MOTIVATED REGULATION OF BEHAVIOUR)

Question 8

Motivational process features two consecutive elements:

Answer 8

Motivation phase: the organism work to achieve reward or to avoid punishment.

Evaluation phase: which outcome is evaluated - I.e organism determines the actual pleasantness of thee reward or assesses of a danger or if a punishment has been successfully avoided

Question 9

Motivation consist of Two Distinct Phase:

Answer 9

For example:A animal may become motivated to eat ether because it seees a tasty animal or because its hunger indicates a state of nutrient, deplenation (Phase of two combining) and then they start working toward the goal to obtain the food.

Question 10

Motivation consist of Two Distinct Phase:

Answer 10

For example:A animal may become motivated to eat ether because it seees a tasty animal or because its hunger indicates a state of nutrient, deplenation (Phase of two combining) and then they start working toward the goal to obtain the food.

Question 11

Motivation consist of two distinct phases:

Answer 11

Motivation: WANTING: organism works to attain reward or avoid punishment

Evaluation: LIKING: outcome evaluated. organism deermins pleasure of reward or if dange has been successfully rewarded.

Question 12

Motivation phase is characterized by:

Answer 12

Observable behaviorrs (instrumental activity to achieve a reward or avoid punishment)

Affective state: For example like in humans (craving, longing, being attracted) the goal object but in animals can be successfully avoided.

Question 13

Approach motivation (reward)

Answer 13

Set in motion or directed by a positive/desirable event or possibility.

Example: Pre, food or a good exam grade.

Question 14

Avoidance motivation (punishment)

Answer 14

Set in motion or directed by a negative/undesirable event or possibility.

Example: Preditor or a bad exam grade.

Question 15

Approach and avoidance motivation

Answer 15

Motivated behaviour can be aimed either at attaing a pleasurable incentive (reward) or at avoiding an aversive disincentive (punishment)

Question 16

Active avoidance

Answer 16

Actively exicuting behaviour.

Spending time on learning in order to avoid bad grade.

Question 17

Passive avoidance

Answer 17

Inhibition of a behaviour:

For example a rat learns to stop pressing a bar because it produces a foot shock.

Question 18

Motivation can be:

Answer 18

NEED DRIVEN - INCENTIVE DRIVEN OR BOTH

Question 19

Need-Driven

Answer 19

Triggered by a psychological neeed of an organism.

Example: Increasing blood saltiness induces thirst, we seek food and drink to quench the need

quench = satisfy

Question 20

Incentive Driven

Answer 20

Tiggered solely bye cues in the environment. It’s NOT by a physiological state.

For example the salted-peanut: you’ll be eating more although you are full, it’s more nature of reward itself.

Question 21

Need-Driven motivation - Incentive-Driven motivation

Answer 21

~ Motivation depends not only on physiological needs but also in the nature of reward itself.

~Both drives go hand in hand

~Incentive-Drive is more attractive, rewarding and pleasurable when person is in a high state, but when less then low-state.

For example: a person can find a piece of bread be delicious but still at the same time the bread can be less attractive in the state of satiety.

Question 22

Motivation of Cue-Rewards

Answer 22

Motication drive and turn is influenced by Pavlovian and instrumental learning process.

CS + US = CR

~ Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ~PTSD : Is acquired during a traumatic episode of life.
One key characteristic of the disorder is that any stimulus that happened to be present in the original, PTSD-inducing situation can trigger a stressful reliving of the traumatic event.

FOR EXAMPLE: a sudden loud noise can elicit a powerful panic, response in someone who has been in combat and hand learnt to associate this noise tih the imminent danger of enemy fire, where though other person can just get a little startle but nothing more than that.

Question 23

Intrinsinc motivation

Answer 23

Specific activity that derives from pleasure in the activity itself.
- For example: Personal growth, Close relationship, Community contribution.

For instance, playing a game of tennis is intrinsically motivated activity - The player is free, communicates with others, satisfaction, be ready to shoot and etc.

> Comes from experience of physiological need satisfaction

Question 24

Extrinsinc motivation

Answer 24

Specific activity, motivation arising from the punishment/rewrad.

• Finanicial Sucess (Money)
• Social Recognition (Fame)
• Attractive Appereance (Image)

For example like going to work solely to earn money, completing a task to get payment.

Question 25

Conscious regulation

Answer 25

A level of consciousness that reflects awareness of the external world and inner mental activity.

~ Plans of short term and long term goals and the elaboration of the plans to attain them ~

Question 26

Nonconscious

Answer 26

Human faculties (neurophysiologist) have studied and examined the role of frontal lobe lesions in higher order brain functions in humans.

Question 27

Pre-frontal Cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampus

Answer 27

Pre-frontal Cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampus