CHAPTER 1

Question 1

Facts about motivation

Answer 1

> Behaviour has a specific purpose and is directed toward a specific goal.

> Basic motivated behavior consist of ingestive, thermoregulatory defensive and reproductive behavior

> Ingestive + Thermoregulatory behavior are physiological process that maintains the stable composition of the animal internal environment (homeostasis)

> EMOTION IS WHAT PROVIDES THE MOTIVATION TO GET THE ANSWER / BEHAVIOUR

Question 2

DUALISM

Answer 2

Hierarchical nature of motivation

(Body vs mind)

Question 3

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 3

Irrational impulse based on pleasure (body)

Rational impulse based on the will (mind)

Question 4

Descartes

Answer 4

Body: nutritional need, mechanical response

Mind: thinking entity with a deliberate will

Question 5

DUALISM - Descartes

Answer 5

Descartes said that human behaviors result from both a free rational soul and an automatic non-rational process of the body.

HIS PROPOSITION WAS NON-RATIONAL: because the body can motivate the behavior under some circumstance that lead to CONCEPT OF INSTINCT.

(motivation reduced to understand will, which directed action)

Question 6

Descartes: choice - effort - resistance = CER

Answer 6

• choice: the act of will included
• effort: creating a moment of the act
• resistance sacrifice or resist the temptation

= CER

Question 7

DARWIN

Answer 7

Theory of evolution 1859 > Biological determinism

• Mechanist and genetic motivation concept
• Instinct arises (kemur upp) from genetic inheritance and explains adaptive (aðlögunarhæfni) innate behavior.
• Emphasizes that survival requires adaptation to the prevailing (ríkjandi) environment.

Kenningin leggur áherslu á að til að lifa af þurfi aðlögun að ríkjandi umhverfi.

Question 8

WILLIAM JAMES - what is instinct?

Answer 8

• 1887
• Physical and mental instinct

Instinct: generally defined as the ability to act in such way as to produce certain ends, without training or anticipation of the end

• Instinct is goal-oriented (motivated) behavior and an innate pattern of behavior that is not the result of learning or experience.

Question 9

MCDOUGALL

Answer 9

Instinct theory of motivation: 1932

Irrational and impulsive motivational forces that guide to particular goals

he said the behavior was composed of perception, behavior, and emotion

Question 10

THE IMPACT OF EVOLUTION: LIMITATION OF INSTINCT THEORIES

Answer 10

• It cannot be readily observed or scientifically tested
• Instinct doesn’t explain all behavior
• By labeling something it can not explain certain behavior
• There are criticism of instinct theory, but psychologists have not given up on trying to understand how instinct influences behavior

Question 11

THE PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY - FREUD

Answer 11

Two basic needs: THE LIFE AND THE DEATH INSTINCT OR DRIVE.

Freud collected unfulfilled desire (Book: Psychopathology of Everyday life 1901)

Freudian slip - Freud first to call aftereffect 1915

Question 12

HULL’S DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY

Answer 12

Clark explains motivation with Stimuli - Response, without cognitive variables. (S-R theory Pavlov)

Clark made a clear distinction between drive and habits.

Basic CONCEPT: NDAGR

Need: Physiological imbalance

Drive: State of tension

Reinforcement: Reward primary and secondary

Goal: Commodity which reduces drive

Question 13

Homeostasis

Answer 13

The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis

> Steady internal state

Question 14

MASLOW HIERARCHICAL MODEL (MOTIVATION)

Answer 14

1. Group of need - 2. Hierarchical order
   * You have to check in the lower need before you go any higher up
2. Psychological need: food, water
3. Safety needs: Am I safe, happy, hurting others?
4. Love and belonging: Am I good with others, can I keep friends, Do I love?
5. Esteem: Do I feel good about myself, confident or that other people respect me?
6. Self-actualization: Humility, Respect, Reality Centered, Do I accept who I am?