CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
substances move across cell membranes without the input of any energy; uses the kinetic energy of individual molecules or ions
Passive processes
A cell uses energy primarily from the breakdown of ATP, to move a substance across the membrane
Active processes
refers to the movement of molecules against a gradient
active processes
Solutes are transported across ____ in active process
plasma membrane
substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
chemical elements
unit of matter of all chemical elements are called
atoms
quantity of matter composed of atoms of the same type
element
number of protons in the nucleus
atomic number
sum of the protons and neutrons in nucleus
mass number
an atom that gave up or gained an electron
Ions
atoms share electrons
molecule
composed of or resulting from union of separate elements
compound
sum of all the chemical reactions in the body
metabolism
new bonds and/or old bonds are broken
chemical reaction
the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of the products
Law of conservation of energy
chemical compounds that speed up the chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur
catalysts
synthesis reaction
anabolism
decomposition reaction
catabolism
huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
nucleic acid
forms the genetic code inside each cell and thereby regulates most of the activities that take place in our cells through out a lifetime
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
relays instruction from genes in the cell’s nucleus to guide each cell’s assembly of amino acids into proteins by the ribosomes
Ribonucleic acid RNA
basic units of nucleic acid
nucleotides
molecules that forms the core of the cells ribosomes, structure where protein synthesis takes place
Ribosomal RNA
carried the coding sequence for protein synthesis, responsible for transcription
Messenger RNA
molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis
Transfer RNA
Principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in the cell.
ATP
Energy currency of the cell
ATP
coverts ADP and phosphate to ATP
ATP Synthesis
a small spherical sac formed by building off from a membrane
vesicle
materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane
endocytosis
membrane - enclosed structures called secretory vesicles that form inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid
exocytosis
transport process that includes both endocytosis and exocytosis
transcytosis
ingestion of solid particles
phagocytosis
ingestion of extracellular fluid
pinocytosis
random mixing particles that occurs in a solution as a result of kinetic energy of the particles
diffusion
net movement of water through a selective permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of water to lower concentration of water
osmosis
refers to how a solution influences they body shape of the cells
tonicity
occurs when water and dissolved substances move through a membrane because of unequal pressure on the two sides of the membrane
filtration
