Chapter 2 (1) Flashcards
How many serfs were emancipated
`51 million
When was the emancipation of the serfs
1861
What is Emmons argument on emancipation
The Emancipation was an operation by the Tsar in order to maintain the Tsarist regime
Motives for Reforms
Zhukovsky (his romantic poet tutor) shaped his views from a young age
Party of St Petersburg Progress who were a circle of progressive nobles
Grand Duke Konstantin (brother) and Grand Duchess Elena (aunt) and Milyutin brothers
Local Government Reforms under Alexander II
1864- Zemstva created
1870- Created town dumas
The dumas had limited powers and were dominated by nobility
Used by professional MC to ciriticise the central government
Local Government Reforms under Alexander III
July 1889- Land Captains were created to override the zemstva
1890- Election arrangements changed to reduce the peasants vote
1892- Electorate was reduced further to just the owners of property above a certain value, mayor, and town council
Policing Reforms under Alexander II
Third Section
Policing Reforms under Alexander III
Led by Vyacheslav von Plehve between 1881 and 1884 known as the Okhrana
Drive to introduce spies and increase the workforce of the police
1882- Statute on police surveillance meant that they could stop ad search people more frequently
Judicial Reforms under Alexander II
Equality before the law
Innocent until proven guilty
Jury trial of criminal cases
Justices of the Peace elected by Zemstva
Courts open to the public and freely reportable
(Basically how modern day court is)
Judicial Reforms under Alexander III
1885- The Minister of Justice was allowed to exercise greater control over issues like judge dismissals
1887- Ministry could now hold closed court sessions
1889- Responsibility of town judges and volost courts were put under the authority of the Land Captain
1887- Property and Educational qualifications for jurors were raised
Education Reforms under Alexander II
Universities became self governing
Zemstva were responsible for education rather than the church
Gimnaziya education (a secondary school which prepares students for further education) was introduced alongside traditional education
Schools became ‘open to all’
Education Reforms under Alexander III
1884- The Education Minister would now appoint the deans and professors at universities
Closed universities for women
Restricted lower class children from primary education
1897- Only 21% of the population were literate
Students were forbidden from gathering in groups of more than 5
Censorship under Alexander II
Initial relaxation of press censorship allowing editorials
Restrictions on publishers reduced
Growth in publication of books
Censorship under Alexander III
1882- Government committee created by Tolstoy to allow for the closure of newspapers and a life bam on editors and publishers
All literary publications had to be approved
Censorship expanded to the theatre, art, and culture where Russification was enforced
