Chapter 1a- Applied Anatomy + Physiology

Question 1

Bones:
Head/Neck 
Shoulder
Chest 
Elbow 
Hip 
Knee
Ankle

Answer 1

Cranium + vertebrae 
Scapula + humerus 
Rib cage + sternum 
Humerus, radius + ulna 
Pelvis + femur 
femur, tibia, patella 
tibia, fibula + talus

Question 2

Structure of skeleton, types of bones

Answer 2

• allows Movement at joint
• shape + type determine the amount of movement
• provides a point of attachment for muscles (when muscles contract they pull the bone)

Question 3

Short, flat and long bones, irregular :

Answer 3

short - enable finer controlled movements e.g. carpals talus

long bones- enable gross movement
e.g. femur, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius, humerus

flat bones- for protection of vital organs e.g. cranium, ribcage, pelvis

Irregular - specifically shaped to protect, e.g. vertebrae

Question 4

Function of skeleton

Answer 4

• support
• protection of vital organs by flat bones
• movement
• structural shape and points for attachment • mineral storage
• blood cell production

Question 5

Muscoskeletal system

Answer 5

Muscular + Skeletal system working together ( movement occurs as a result)

Question 6

Muscles

Answer 6

Shoulder - deltoid 
Arms - biceps, triceps 
Back - latissimus dorsi, rotator cuffs 
Torso/chest - pectorals, abdominals 
Hips - hip flexors, gluteals
Legs- quadriceps group, hamstring group, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior

Question 7

Tendons, ligaments, cartilage

Answer 7

Tendons - muscle to bone
ligaments - bone to bone (keeps bones in place)

cartilage - slippery surface prevents ends of bones rubbing together at joints, and helps lubricate joints

Question 8

joint

Answer 8

where 2 or more bones meet

Question 9

Types of joint

Answer 9

Immovable - cranium
Slightly movable
Synovial (freely movable)

Question 10

Synovial membrane

Answer 10

produces synovial fluid

Question 11

Synovial fluid

Answer 11

allows more movement as it is a lubricant, lubricates joint - prevents friction

Question 12

Synovial joint features

Answer 12

• synovial membrane
• synovial fluid
• joint capsule
• bursae
• cartilage
• ligaments.

Question 13

joint capsule

Answer 13

tough capsule, provides stability

Question 14

Bursae

Answer 14

sacs of fluid, absorbs impact + friction from movement of tendons

Question 15

Types of freely movable joints + examples

Answer 15

Hinge - elbow, knee, ankle ( allows flexion + extension)

Ball+socket - hip + shoulder ( allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction + rotation)

Question 16

flexion/extension

Answer 16

flexion - movement where angle between bones reduces

Extension - movement where angle between bone increases

Question 17

abduction/adduction + rotation

Answer 17

abduction- movement where limbs are moved AWAY from the body

adduction- movement where limbs are moved back towards to body

rotation- turning a limb along its long axis

Question 18

Isotonic + isometric contractions

Answer 18

Isotonic - where movement occurs as muscle changes length

Isometric - muscle stays the SAME length, so no movement occurs. Muscles working to keep joint STATIONARY

Question 19

Concentric + Eccentric contractions

Answer 19

Concentric - muscles shortens e.g. bending elbow straight to full flexed - bicep

Eccentric - muscles lengthens e.g. downward phase of a press up, tricep contracts eccentrically to slow movement

Question 20

Antagonistic muscle action

Answer 20

Muscles pull the bones, work in PAIRS , as one contracts, other relaxes

Question 21

Agonist/ antagonist

Answer 21

agonist - prime mover, contracts

antagonist- secondary mover, relaxes